Tricyclic compounds and their use as phosphodiesterase inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to compounds of Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the substituents A, R1, R2, R3a, R3b, R4a, R4b and n are as defined herein. The inventions also directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, methods of treatment using the compounds and methods of preparing the compounds.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to tricyclic compounds of Formula I, whichare inhibitors of PDE4 isozymes, especially with a binding affinity forthe PDE4A, PDE4B and PDE4C isoforms, and to the use of such compounds inmethods for treating central nervous system (CNS), metabolic, autoimmuneand inflammatory diseases or disorders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a class of intracellular enzymes thatcleave the phosphodiester bond in second messenger molecules adenosine3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3′,5′-cyclicmonophosphate (cGMP). The cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP serve assecondary messengers in various cellular pathways.

cAMP functions as a second messenger regulating many intracellularprocesses within the body. One example is in the neurons of the centralnervous system, where the activation of cAMP-dependent kinases and thesubsequent phosphorylation of proteins are involved in acute regulationof synaptic transmission as well as neuronal differentiation andsurvival. The complexity of cyclic nucleotide signaling is indicated bythe molecular diversity of the enzymes involved in the synthesis anddegradation of cAMP. There are at least ten families of adenylylcyclases, and eleven families of phosphodiesterases. Furthermore,different types of neurons are known to express multiple isozymes ofeach of these classes, and there is good evidence forcompartmentalization and specificity of function for different isozymeswithin a given neuron.

A principal mechanism for regulating cyclic nucleotide signaling is viaphosphodiesterase-catalyzed cyclic nucleotide catabolism. The elevenknown families of PDEs are encoded by 21 different genes; each genetypically yields multiple splice variants that further contribute to theisozyme diversity. The PDE families are distinguished functionally basedon cyclic nucleotide substrate specificity, mechanism(s) of regulation,and sensitivity to inhibitors. Furthermore, PDEs are differentiallyexpressed throughout the organism, including in the central nervoussystem. As a result of these distinct enzymatic activities andlocalization, different PDEs' isozymes can serve distinct physiologicalfunctions. Furthermore, compounds that can selectively inhibit distinctPDE isozymes may offer particular therapeutic effects, fewer sideeffects, or both (Deninno, M., Future Directions in PhosphodiesteraseDrug Discovery. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2012, 22,6794-6800).

The present invention relates to compounds having a binding affinity forthe fourth family of PDEs (i.e., PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, and PDE4D), and,in particular, a binding affinity for the PDE4A, PDE4B and PDE4Cisoforms.

The PDE4 isozymes carry out selective, high-affinity hydrolyticdegradation of the second messenger adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate(cAMP mediated beneficial pharmacological effects resulting from thatinhibition have been shown in a variety of disease models. A number ofother PDE4 inhibitors have been discovered in recent years. For example,Roflumilast (Daliresp®), marketed by Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc., isapproved for severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) todecrease the number of flare-ups or prevent exacerbations of COPDsymptoms. Apremilast (Otezla®) has been approved by the U.S. Food andDrug Administration for the treatment of adults with active psoriaticarthritis.

While beneficial pharmacological activity of PDE4 inhibitors has beenshown, a common side effect of these treatments has been the inductionof gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, emesis, and diarrhea, whichare hypothesized to be associated with inhibition of the PDE4D isoform.Attempts have been made to develop compounds with an affinity for thePDE4B isoform over the PDE4D isoform (See: Donnell, A. F. et al.,Identification of pyridazino[4,5-b]indolizines as selective PDE4Binhibitors. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2010, 20, 2163-7;and Naganuma, K. et al., Discovery of selective PDE4B inhibitors.Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2009, 19, 3174-6). However,there remains a need to develop selective PDE4 inhibitors, especiallythose having an affinity for the PDE4A, PDE4B, and PDE4C isoforms. Inparticular, compounds with enhanced binding affinity for the PDE4A, andPDE4B isoforms over the PDE4D isoform are anticipated to be useful inthe treatment of various diseases and disorders of the central nervoussystem (CNS). The discovery of selected compounds of the presentinvention addresses this continued need, and provides additionaltherapies for the treatment of various diseases and disorders of thecentral nervous system (CNS), as well as metabolic, autoimmune andinflammatory diseases or disorders.

Treatment with the PDE4 inhibitors of the present invention may alsolead to a decrease in gastrointestinal side effects (e.g., nausea,emesis and diarrhea) believed to be associated with inhibition of thePDE4D isoform (Robichaud, A. et al., Deletion of Phosphodiesterase 4D inMice Shortens α2-Adrenoreceptor-Mediated Anesthesia, A BehavioralCorrelate of Emesis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2002, 110,1045-1052).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to compounds of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

Ring A is a fused (4- to 8-membered)oxygen-containing heterocycloalkylring, a fused phenyl ring, or a fused (5- to8-membered)nitrogen-containing heteroaryl ring, and, where chemicallypermissible, the fused (4- to 8-membered)oxygen-containingheterocycloalkyl ring, the fused phenyl ring and the fused (5- to8-membered)nitrogen-containing heteroaryl ring are optionallysubstituted with one to six R⁸;

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (4- to10-membered)-heterocycloalkyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (5- to14-membered)heteroaryl, and, where chemically permissible, the(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (4- to 10-membered)heterocycloalkyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and(5- to 14-membered)heteroaryl moieties are optionally substituted withone to six R⁹;

R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₁₅)alkyl-OR⁵, —C(═O)—R⁵,—C(═O)—OR⁵, —C(═O)—N(R⁵)(R⁶), —(SO₂)R⁵, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (4- to10-membered)heterocycloalkyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (5- to14-membered)heteroaryl, and where chemically permissible, the(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (4- to10-membered)heterocycloalkyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (5- to14-membered)heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one to six R⁸;

R^(3a), where chemically permissible, is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro,—N(R⁵)(R⁶), optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, optionallysubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkoxy andoptionally substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl; or

R² and R^(3a) taken together with the nitrogen and carbon atoms to whichthey are attached form a (4- to 6-membered)heterocycloalkyl ring, andwhere chemically permissible, the (4- to 6-membered)heterocycloalkylring is optionally substituted with one to six R⁸;

when present, R^(3b) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro, N(R⁵)(R⁶), optionallysubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl,optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkoxy and optionally substituted(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl; or

R^(3a) and R^(3b) taken together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl or (4- to 6-membered)heterocycloalkyl,and where chemically permissible, the (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl or (4- to6-membered)heterocycloalkyl, where chemically permissible, areoptionally substituted with one to six R⁸.

R^(4a), where chemically permissible, is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro,N(R⁵)(R⁶), optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, optionallysubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl and optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkoxy;

when present, R^(4b) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro, N(R⁵)(R⁶), optionallysubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl andoptionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkoxy; or

R^(4a) and R^(4b) taken together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl or (4- to 6-membered)heterocycloalkyl,and where chemically permissible, the (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl or (4- to6-membered)heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one to sixR⁸;

R⁵ and R⁶ at each occurrence are each independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₆)alkyl;

R⁷ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl;

when present, R⁸ at each occurrence is independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro,N(R⁵)(R⁶), optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, optionallysubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl, and optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkoxy;

when present, R⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro,optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionallysubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkoxy,—N(R⁵)(R⁶), —N(R⁵)(C(O)R⁶), —C(═O), —C(═O)—R⁵, —C(═O)—OR⁵, —(SO₂)R⁷, and—S(═O₂)N(R⁵)(R⁶);

------ is absent (forming a single bond) or a bond (forming a doublebond); and

n is an integer selected from 0 or 1, provided when ------ is present toform a double bond then n is 0, and when ------ is absent to form asingle bond n is 1.

Compounds of the invention include Examples 1-97 or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof as described herein.

The compounds of Formula I are inhibitors of the PDE4A, PDE4B and/orPDE4C isoforms.

The compounds of Formula I are useful for treating or preventingdiseases and/or disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), pain,trauma, cardiologic, thrombotic, metabolic, autoimmune and inflammatorydiseases or disorders, and disorders associated with enhancedendothelial activity/impaired endothelial barrier function.

The present invention is also directed to the use of the compoundsdescribed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in thepreparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of acondition amenable to modulation of the PDE4A, PDE4B and PDE4C genefamilies (i.e., PDE4B enzymes).

The present invention is also directed to pharmaceutically acceptableformulations containing an admixture of a compound(s) of the presentinvention and at least one excipient formulated into a pharmaceuticaldosage form. Examples of such dosage forms include tablets, capsules,suppositories, gels, creams, ointments, lotions, solutions/suspensionsfor injection (e.g., depot), aerosols for inhalation andsolutions/suspensions for oral ingestion.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The headings within this document are only being utilized to expediteits review by the reader. They should not be construed as limiting theinvention or claims in any manner.

Definitions and Exemplifications

As used throughout this application, including the claims, the followingterms have the meanings defined below, unless specifically indicatedotherwise. The plural and singular should be treated as interchangeable,other than the indication of number:

As used herein, the term “n-membered” where n is an integer typicallydescribes the number of ring-forming atoms in a moiety where the numberof ring-forming atoms is n. For example, pyridine is an example of a6-membered heteroaryl ring and thiazole is an example of a 5-memberedheteroaryl group.

At various places in the present specification, substituents ofcompounds of the invention are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It isspecifically intended that the invention include each and everyindividual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges. Forexample, the term “(C₁-C₆)alkyl” is specifically intended to include C₁alkyl (methyl), C₂ alkyl (ethyl), C₃ alkyl, C₄ alkyl, C₅ alkyl, and C₆alkyl. For another example, the term “a 5- to 14-membered heteroarylgroup” is specifically intended to include any 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-,11-, 12-, 13- and 14-membered heteroaryl group.

The term “(C₁-C₆)alkyl” as used herein, refers to a saturated, branched-or straight-chain alkyl group containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, suchas, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, andn-hexyl.

The term “optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl”, as used herein, refersto a (C₁-C₆)alkyl as defined above, in which one or more hydrogen atomsare replaced by a substituent selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵and —N(R⁵)(R⁶), in which R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen or(C₁-C₆)alkyl. For example, a (C₁-C₆)alkyl moiety can be substituted withone or more halogen atoms to form a “halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl”. Representativeexamples of a halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl include, but are not limited to,fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, trifluoromethyl,pentafluoroethyl, and 2-chloro-3-fluoropentyl.

The term “(C₂-C₆)alkenyl” refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon having from2 to 6 carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond,including straight chain or branched chain groups having at least onecarbon-carbon double bond. Representative examples include, but are notlimited to, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl (allyl), isopropenyl,2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, and the like. When thecompounds of the invention contain a C₂-C₆alkenyl group, the compoundmay exist as the pure E (entgegen) form, the pure Z (zusammen) form, orany mixture thereof.

The term “optionally substituted (C₂-C₆)alkenyl” refers to a(C₂-C₆)alkenyl as defined above, in which one or more hydrogen atoms arereplaced by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen,oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, —(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and—N(R⁵)(R⁶), in which R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen or(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

The term “(C₂-C₆)alkynyl” refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon having twoto six carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond,including straight chains and branched chains having at least onecarbon-carbon triple bond. Representative examples include, but are notlimited to, ethynyl, propynl, butynyl, pentynyl, and hexynyl.

The term “optionally substituted (C₂-C₆)alkynyl” refers to a(C₂-C₆)alkynyl as defined above, in which one or more hydrogen atoms arereplaced by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen,oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and—N(R⁵)(R⁶), in which R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen or(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

The term “(C₁-C₆)alkoxy” as used herein, refers to a (C₁-C₆)alkyl group,as defined above, attached to the parent molecular moiety through anoxygen atom. Representative examples of a (C₁-C₆)alkoxy include, but arenot limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-propoxy, butoxy,tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, and hexyloxy.

The term “optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkoxy” as used herein, refersto a (C₁-C₆)alkoxy group, as defined above, in which one or morehydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituent selected from the groupconsisting of halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio,nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and —N(R⁵)(R⁶), in which R⁵ and R⁶ are eachindependently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl. For example, a “(C₁-C₆)alkoxycan be substituted with one or more halogen atoms to form a“halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy”. Representative examples of a halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxyinclude, but are not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy,2-fluoroethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and pentafluoroethoxy.

The term “(C₁-C₆)alkythio” as used herein, refers to a (C₁-C₆)alkylgroup, as defined above, attached to the parent molecular moiety throughsulfur atom. Representative examples of a (C₁-C₆)alkylthio include, butare not limited to, thiomethyl, thioethyl, thiopropyl, and the like.

The term “optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkythio” as used herein, refersto a (C₁-C₆)alkylthio group, as defined above, in which one or morehydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituent selected from the groupconsisting of halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio,nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and —N(R⁵)(R⁶), in which R⁵ and R⁶ are eachindependently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

As used herein, the term “(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl” refers to a carbocyclicsubstituent obtained by removing hydrogen from a saturated carbocyclicmolecule wherein the cyclic framework has 3 to 8 carbons. A“(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl” refers to a carbocyclic substituent obtained byremoving hydrogen from a saturated carbocyclic molecule having from 3 to6 carbon atoms. A “cycloalkyl” may be a monocyclic ring, examples ofwhich include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Also included in the definition ofcycloalkyl are unsaturated non-aromatic cycloalkyls such as, but notlimited to, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cyclopentenyl, cycloheptenyl,and cyclooctenyl. Alternatively, a cycloalkyl may contain more than onering such as a “(C₄-C₈)bicycloalkyl”. The term “(C₄-C₈)bicycloalkyl”refers to a bicyclic ring system containing from 4 to 8 carbon atoms.The bicycloalkyl may be fused, such as bicyclo[1.1.0]butanyl,bicyclo[2.1.0]pentanyl, bicyclo[2.2.0]hexanyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl,bicyclo[3.2.0]heptanyl, and bicyclo[3.3.0]-octanyl. The term“bicycloalkyl” also includes bridged bicycloalkyl systems such as, butnot limited to, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl and bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl.

The term “optionally substituted “(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl” refers to a(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, as defined above, in which one or more hydrogen atomsare replaced by a substituent selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and —N(R⁵)(R⁶), inwhich R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

A “heterocycloalkyl,” as used herein, refers to a cycloalkyl as definedabove, wherein at least one of the ring carbon atoms is replaced with aheteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. The term “(4- to6-membered)heterocycloalkyl” means the heterocycloalkyl substituentcontains a total of 4 to 6 ring atoms, at least one of which is aheteroatom. The term “(4- to 8-membered)heterocycloalkyl” means theheterocycloalkyl substituent contains a total of 4 to 8 ring atoms, atleast one of which is a heteroatom. A “(4- to10-membered)heterocycloalkyl” means the heterocycloalkyl substituentcontains a total of 4 to 10 ring atoms. A “(6-membered)heterocycloalkyl”means the heterocycloalkyl substituent contains a total of 6 ring atoms,at least one of which is a heteroatom. A “(4- to8-membered)oxygen-containing heterocycloalkyl” means theheterocycloalkyl substituent contains a total of 4 to 8 ring atoms atleast one of which is an oxygen atom. A “(4- to6-membered)oxygen-containing heterocycloalkyl” means theheterocycloalkyl substituent contains a total of 4 to 6 ring atoms atleast one of which is an oxygen atom. A “(5-membered)heterocycloalkyl”means the heterocycloalkyl substituent contains a total of 5 ring atomsat least one of which is a heteroatom. A heterocycloalkyl may be asingle ring with up to 10 total members. Alternatively, aheterocycloalkyl as defined above may comprise 2 or 3 rings fusedtogether, wherein at least one such ring contains a heteroatom as a ringatom (i.e., nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur). The heterocycloalkylsubstituent may be attached to the core of the compounds of the presentinvention via a nitrogen atom having the appropriate valence, or via anyring carbon atom. The heterocycloalkyl moiety may be optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents at a nitrogen atom having theappropriate valence, or at any available carbon atom.

Also included in the definition of “heterocycloalkyl” areheterocycloalkyls that are fused to a phenyl or naphthyl ring or to aheteroaryl ring such as, but not limited to, a pyridinyl ring or apyrimidinyl ring.

Examples of heterocycloalkyl rings include, but are not limited to,azetidinyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrotriazinyl, tetrahydropyrazolyl,tetrahydrooxazinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, octahydrobenzofuranyl,octahydrobenzimidazolyl, octahydrobenzothiazolyl, imidazolidinyl,pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl,pyrazolidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiazinyl,tetrahydrothiadiazinyl, tetrahydro-oxazolyl, morpholinyl, oxetanyl,dioxetanyl, dioxolanyl, dioxanyl, oxapanyl, dioxapanyl, oxacanyl,dioxacanyl, tetrahydrodiazinyl, oxazinyl, oxathiazinyl, quinuclidinyl,chromanyl, isochromanyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, benzodioxolyl,benzoxazinyl, indolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, tetrahydroquinolyl,isochromyl, dihydro-1H-isoindolyl, 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanonyl,3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl and the like.Further examples of heterocycloalkyl rings include tetrahydrofuran-2-yl,tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl,imidazolidin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl,piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl,piperazin-1-yl, piperazin-2-yl, 1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl, 1,4-oxazepan-1-yl,isothiazolidinyl, 1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl, 1,2-pyrazolidin-2-yl,1,2-tetrahydrothiazin-2-yl, 1,3-thiazinan-3-yl,1,2-tetrahydrodiazin-2-yl, 1,3-tetrahydrodiazin-1-yl, 1,4-oxazin-4-yl,oxazolidinonyl, 2-oxo-piperidinyl (e.g., 2-oxo-piperidin-1-yl), and thelike.

The term “optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl” [e.g., optionallysubstituted (4- to 10-membered)heterocycloalkyl] refers to aheterocycloalkyl, as defined above, in which one or more hydrogen atomsare replaced by a substituent selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵,and N(R⁵)(R⁶), in which R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen or(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

“(C₆-C₁₀)aryl” refers to an all-carbon monocyclic or fused-ringpolycyclic aromatic group having a conjugated pi-electron systemcontaining from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, such as phenyl, or naphthyl.

The term “optionally substituted (C₆-C₁₀)aryl” refers to a (C₆-C₁₀)aryl,as defined above, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by asubstituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, cyano,hydroxy, —SF₅, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and —N(R⁵)(R⁶), inwhich R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” refers to monocyclic or fused-ringpolycyclic aromatic heterocyclic groups with one or more heteroatom ringmembers (ring-forming atoms) each independently selected from oxygen(O), sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) in at least one ring. A “(5- to14-membered)heteroaryl” ring refers to a heteroaryl ring having from 5to 14 ring atoms in which at least one of the ring atoms is a heteroatom(i.e., oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur), with the remaining ring atoms beingindependently selected from the group consisting of carbon, oxygen,nitrogen, and sulfur. A “(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl” ring refers to aheteroaryl ring having from 5 to 10 ring atoms in which at least one ofthe ring atoms is a heteroatom (i.e., oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur), withthe remaining ring atoms being independently selected from the groupconsisting of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. A “(5- to8-membered)heteroaryl” ring refers to a heteroaryl ring having from 5 to8 ring atoms in which at least one of the ring atoms is a heteroatom(i.e., oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur), with the remaining ring atoms beingindependently selected from the group consisting of carbon, oxygen,nitrogen, and sulfur. A “(5- to 8-membered)nitrogen-containingheteroaryl” ring refers to a heteroaryl ring having from 5 to 8 ringatoms in which at least one of the ring atoms is nitrogen, with theremaining ring atoms being independently selected from the groupconsisting of carbon, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. A “(5- to6-membered)heteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl ring having from 5 to 6ring atoms in which at least one of the ring atoms is a heteroatom(i.e., oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur), with the remaining ring atoms beingindependently selected from the group consisting of carbon, oxygen,nitrogen, and sulfur. A “(5- to 6-membered)nitrogen-containingheteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl ring having from 5 to 6 ring atoms inwhich at least one of the ring atoms is nitrogen, with the remainingring atoms being independently selected from the group consisting ofcarbon, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. A “(6-membered)nitrogen-containingheteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl ring having 6 ring atoms in which atleast one of the ring atoms is nitrogen, with the remaining ring atomsbeing independently selected from the group consisting of carbon,oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen A “(5-membered)nitrogen-containingheteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl ring having 5 ring atoms in which atleast one of the ring atoms is nitrogen, with the remaining ring atomsbeing independently selected from the group consisting of carbon,oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen A heteroaryl may be a single ring or 2 or 3fused rings. Examples of heteroaryls include, but are not limited to,6-membered ring substituents such as pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyland pyridazinyl; 5-membered heteroaryls such as triazolyl, imidazolyl,furanyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-, 1,2,4, 1,2,5-, or1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, andpyrazolyl; 6/5-membered fused ring substituents such as indolyl,indazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxadiazolyl,benzothiazolyl, isobenzothiofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzisoxazolyl,benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, furanopyridinyl, purinyl, imidazopyridinyl,imidazopyrimidinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl,pyrazolopyrimidinyl, thienopyridinyl, triazolopyrimidinyl,triazolopyridinyl (e.g.,5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-2-yl), and anthranilyl;and 6/6-membered fused ring substituents such as quinolinyl,isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, oxochromanyl, and1,4-benzoxazinyl.

Nitrogen-containing heteroaryls include, but are not limited to,triazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-, 1,2,4, 1,2,5-,or 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl,pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolyl, indazolyl,benzimidazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl,benzoxazolyl, furanopyridinyl, purinyl, imidazopyridinyl,imidazopyrimidinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl,pyrazolopyrimidinyl, thienopyridinyl, triazolopyrimidinyl,triazolopyridinyl quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, andquinazolinyl. 5-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryls include, butare not limited to, triazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl,1,2,3-, 1,2,4, 1,2,5-, or 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl,isothiazolyl, and pyrazolyl. 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryls,include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl andpyridazinyl.

It is to be understood that the heteroaryl may be optionally fused to acycloalkyl group, or to a heterocycloalkyl group, as defined herein.

The heteroaryl substituent may be attached to the core of the compoundsof the present invention via a nitrogen atom having the appropriatevalence, or via any ring carbon atom or to the nitrogen of the amidemoiety on the core. The heteroaryl moiety may be optionally substitutedwith one or more substituents at a nitrogen atom having the appropriatevalence, or at any available carbon atom.

The terms “optionally substituted (5- to 14-membered)heteroaryl”,“optionally substituted (5- to 8-membered)heteroaryl” “optionallysubstituted (5- to 6-membered)heteroaryl” and “optionally substituted(5- to 6-membered)nitrogen-containing heteroaryl” refer to a (5- to14-membered)heteroaryl, a (5- to 8-membered)heteroaryl, a (5- to6-membered)heteroaryl, and a (5- to 6-membered)nitrogen-containingheteroaryl, as defined above, in which one or more hydrogen atoms arereplaced, where chemically permissible, by a substituent selected fromthe group consisting of halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅,(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and —N(R⁵)(R⁶), in which R⁵ and R⁶are each independently hydrogen or optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl.The substituent can be attached to the heteroaryl moiety at anyavailable carbon atom or to a heteroatom when the heteroatom is nitrogenhaving the appropriate valence.

“halo” or “halogen” as used herein, refers to a chlorine, fluorine,bromine, or iodine atom.

“hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” as used herein, means an —OH group.

“cyano” as used herein, means a —CN group, which also may be depicted:

“nitro” as used herein, means an —NO₂ group.

“oxo” as used herein, means a ═O moiety. When an oxo is substituted on acarbon atom, they together form a carbonyl moiety [—C(═O)—]. When an oxois substituted on a sulfur atom, they together form a sulfonyl moiety[—S(═O)—]; when two oxo groups are substituted on a sulfur atom, theytogether form a sulfonyl moiety [—S(═O)2-].

“optionally substituted” as used herein, means that substitution isoptional and therefore includes both unsubstituted and substituted atomsand moieties. A “substituted” atom or moiety indicates that any hydrogenon the designated atom or moiety can be replaced with a selection fromthe indicated substituent group (up to and including that every hydrogenatom on the designated atom or moiety is replaced with a selection fromthe indicated substituent group), provided that the normal valency ofthe designated atom or moiety is not exceeded, and that the substitutionresults in a stable compound. For example, if a methyl group (i.e.,—CH₃) is optionally substituted, then up to 3 hydrogen atoms on thecarbon atom can be replaced with substituent groups.

As used herein, unless specified, the point of attachment of asubstituent can be from any suitable position of the substituent. Forexample, pyridinyl (or pyridyl) can be 2-pyridinyl (or pyridin-2-yl),3-pyridinyl (or pyridin-3-yl), or 4-pyridinyl (or pyridin-4-yl).

“Therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of the compoundbeing administered which will relieve to some extent one or more of thesymptoms of the disorder being treated.

“Patient” refers to warm blooded animals such as, for example, pigs,cows, chickens, horses, guinea pigs, mice, rats, gerbils, cats, rabbits,dogs, monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans.

“Treating” or “treat”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, meansreversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing thedisorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or moresymptoms of such disorder or condition. The term “treatment”, as usedherein, unless otherwise indicated, refers to the act of treating as“treating” is defined immediately above. The term “treating” alsoincludes adjuvant and neo-adjuvant treatment of a subject.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the substance orcomposition must be compatible, chemically and/or toxicologically, withthe other ingredients comprising a formulation, and/or the mammal beingtreated therewith.

“Isoform” means any of several different forms of the same protein.

“Isozyme” or “isoenzyme” means a closely related variant of an enzymethat differs in amino acid sequence but catalyzes the same chemicalreaction.

“Isomer” means “stereoisomer” and “geometric isomer” as defined below.

“Stereoisomer” refers to compounds that possess one or more chiralcenters, which may each exist in the R or S configuration. Stereoisomersinclude all diastereomeric, enantiomeric and epimeric forms as well asracemates and mixtures thereof.

“Geometric isomer” refers to compounds that may exist in cis, trans,anti, entgegen (E), and zusammen (Z) forms as well as mixtures thereof.

This specification uses the terms “substituent,” “radical,” and “group”interchangeably.

If substituents are described as being “independently selected” from agroup, each instance of a substituent is selected independent of theother. Each substituent therefore may be identical to or different fromthe other substituent(s).

As used herein the term “Formula I” may be hereinafter referred to as a“compound(s) of the invention.” Such terms are also defined to includeall forms of the compound of the invention including hydrates, solvates,isomers, crystalline and non-crystalline forms, isomorphs, polymorphs,and metabolites thereof. For example, the compounds of the invention, orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, may exist in unsolvated andsolvated forms. When the solvent or water is tightly bound, the complexwill have a well-defined stoichiometry independent of humidity. When,however, the solvent or water is weakly bound, as in channel solvatesand hygroscopic compounds, the water/solvent content will be dependenton humidity and drying conditions. In such cases, non-stoichiometry willbe the norm.

The compounds of the invention may exist as clathrates or othercomplexes. Included within the scope of the invention are complexes suchas clathrates, drug-host inclusion complexes wherein the drug and hostare present in stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts. Alsoincluded are complexes of the compounds of the invention containing twoor more organic and/or inorganic components, which may be instoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts. The resulting complexesmay be ionized, partially ionized, or non-ionized. For a review of suchcomplexes, see J. Pharm. Sci., 64 (8), 1269-1288 by Haleblian (August1975).

The compounds of the invention have asymmetric carbon atoms. Thecarbon-carbon bonds of the compounds of the invention may be depictedherein using a solid line (

), a solid wedge (

), or a dotted wedge (

). The use of a solid line to depict bonds to asymmetric carbon atoms ismeant to indicate that all possible stereoisomers (e.g., specificenantiomers, racemic mixtures, etc.) at that carbon atom are included.The use of either a solid or dotted wedge to depict bonds to asymmetriccarbon atoms is meant to indicate that the stereoisomer shown ispresent. When present in racemic compounds, solid and dotted wedges areused to define relative stereochemistry, rather than absolutestereochemistry. Racemic compounds possessing such indicated relativestereochemistry may be marked with (+/−). For example, unless statedotherwise, it is intended that the compounds of the invention can existas stereoisomers, which include cis and trans isomers, optical isomerssuch as R and S enantiomers, diastereomers, geometric isomers,rotational isomers, conformational isomers, atropoisomers, and mixturesthereof (such as racemates and diastereomeric pairs). The compounds ofthe invention may exhibit more than one type of isomerism. Also includedare acid addition or base addition salts wherein the counterion isoptically active, for example, D-lactate or L-lysine, or racemic, forexample, DL-tartrate or DL-arginine.

When any racemate crystallizes, crystals of two different types arepossible. The first type is the racemic compound (true racemate)referred to above wherein one homogeneous form of crystal is producedcontaining both enantiomers in equimolar amounts. The second type is theracemic mixture or conglomerate wherein two forms of crystal areproduced in equimolar amounts each comprising a single enantiomer.

The compounds of this invention may be used in the form of salts derivedfrom inorganic or organic acids. Depending on the particular compound, asalt of the compound may be advantageous due to one or more of thesalt's physical properties, such as enhanced pharmaceutical stability indiffering temperatures and humidities, or a desirable solubility inwater or oil. In some instances, a salt of a compound also may be usedas an aid in the isolation, purification, and/or resolution of thecompound.

Where a salt is intended to be administered to a patient (as opposed to,for example, being used in an in vitro context), the salt preferably ispharmaceutically acceptable. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt”refers to a salt prepared by combining a compound of the presentinvention with an acid whose anion, or a base whose cation, is generallyconsidered suitable for human consumption. Pharmaceutically acceptablesalts are particularly useful as products of the methods of the presentinvention because of their greater aqueous solubility relative to theparent compound.

Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of thecompounds of the present invention when possible include those derivedfrom inorganic acids, such as, but not limited to, hydrochloric,hydrobromic, hydrofluoric, boric, fluoroboric, phosphoric,meta-phosphoric, nitric, carbonic, sulfonic, and sulfuric acids, andorganic acids such as acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, citric,ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glycolic, isothionic, lactic,lactobionic, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, trifluoromethanesulfonic,succinic, toluenesulfonic, tartaric, and trifluoroacetic acids. Suitableorganic acids generally include but are not limited to aliphatic,cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic, andsulfonic classes of organic acids.

Specific examples of suitable organic acids include but are not limitedto acetate, trifluoroacetate, formate, propionate, succinate, glycolate,gluconate, digluconate, lactate, malate, tartrate, citrate, ascorbate,glucuronate, maleate, fumarate, pyruvate, aspartate, glutamate,benzoate, anthranilate, stearate, salicylate, p-hydroxybenzoate,phenylacetate, mandelate, embonate (pamoate), methanesulfonate,ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, pantothenate, toluenesulfonate,2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, sufanilate, cyclohexylamino-sulfonate, algenicacid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, galactarate, galacturonate, adipate,alginate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate,cyclopentanepropionate, dodecylsulfate, glycoheptanoate,glycerophosphate, heptanoate, hexanoate, nicotinate,2-naphthalene-sulfonate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate,3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, thiocyanate, and undecanoate.

Furthermore, where the compounds of the invention carry an acidicmoiety, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may includealkali metal salts, e.g., sodium or potassium salts; alkaline earthmetal salts, e.g., calcium or magnesium salts; and salts formed withsuitable organic ligands, e.g., quaternary ammonium salts. In anotherembodiment, base salts are formed from bases which form non-toxic salts,including aluminum, arginine, benzathine, choline, diethylamine,diolamine, glycine, lysine, meglumine, olamine, tromethamine and zincsalts.

Organic salts may be made from secondary, tertiary or quaternary aminesalts, such as tromethamine, diethylamine, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine,chloroprocaine, choline, diethanol-amine, ethylenediamine, meglumine(N-methylglucamine), and procaine. Basic nitrogen-containing groups maybe quaternized with agents such as lower alkyl (C₁-C₆) halides (e.g.,methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides),dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamylsulfates), long chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl, myristyl, andstearyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides), arylalkyl halides (e.g.,benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.

In one embodiment, hemisalts of acids and bases may also be formed, forexample, hemisulphate and hemicalcium salts.

Certain compounds of the invention may exist as geometric isomers. Thecompounds of the invention may possess one or more asymmetric centers,thus existing as two, or more, stereoisomeric forms. The presentinvention includes all the individual stereoisomers and geometricisomers of the compounds of the invention and mixtures thereof.Individual enantiomers can be obtained by chiral separation or using therelevant enantiomer in the synthesis.

In addition, the compounds of the present invention can exist inunsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptablesolvents such as water, ethanol and the like. In general, the solvatedforms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposesof the present invention. The compounds may also exist in one or morecrystalline states, i.e., polymorphs, or they may exist as amorphoussolids. All such forms are encompassed by the claims.

Also within the scope of the present invention are so-called “prodrugs”of the compound of the invention. Thus, certain derivatives of thecompound of the invention that may have little or no pharmacologicalactivity themselves can, when administered into or onto the body, beconverted into the compound of the invention having the desiredactivity, for example, by hydrolytic cleavage. Such derivatives arereferred to as “prodrugs.” Further information on the use of prodrugsmay be found in “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14, ACSSymposium Series (T. Higuchi and W. Stella) and “Bioreversible Carriersin Drug Design,” Pergamon Press, 1987 (ed. E. B. Roche, AmericanPharmaceutical Association). Prodrugs in accordance with the inventioncan, for example, be produced by replacing appropriate functionalitiespresent in the compounds of the present invention with certain moietiesknown to those skilled in the art as “pro-moieties” as described, forexample, in “Design of Prodrugs” by H. Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985).

This invention also encompasses compounds of the invention containingprotective groups. One skilled in the art will also appreciate thatcompounds of the invention can also be prepared with certain protectinggroups that are useful for purification or storage and can be removedbefore administration to a patient. The protection and deprotection offunctional groups is described in “Protective Groups in OrganicChemistry”, edited by J. W. F. McOmie, Plenum Press (1973) and“Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, 3rd edition, T. W. Greene andP. G. M. Wuts, Wiley-Interscience (1999).

The present invention also includes all pharmaceutically acceptableisotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recitedherein, wherein one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having thesame atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from theatomic mass or mass number which predominates in nature. Examples ofisotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds of the presentinvention include, but are not limited to, isotopes of hydrogen, such as²H, ³H; carbon, such as ¹¹C, ¹³C, and ¹⁴C; chlorine, such as ³⁶Cl;fluorine, such as ¹⁸F; iodine, such as ¹²³I and ¹²⁵I; nitrogen, such as¹³N and ¹⁵N; oxygen, such as ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O, and ¹⁸O; phosphorus, such as ³²P;and sulfur, such as ³⁵S. Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of thepresent invention, for example, those incorporating a radioactiveisotope, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies(e.g., assays). The radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e., ³H, andcarbon-14, i.e., ¹⁴C, are particularly useful for this purpose in viewof their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection.Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., ²H, mayafford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolicstability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosagerequirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances.Substitution with positron emitting isotopes, such as ¹¹C, ¹⁵F, ¹⁸F, ¹⁵Oand ¹³N, can be useful in positron emission tomography (PET) studies forexamining substrate receptor occupancy. Isotopically-labeled compoundsof the present invention can generally be prepared by conventionaltechniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogousto those described in the accompanying Schemes and/or in the Examplesand Preparations using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent inplace of the non-labeled reagent previously employed. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable solvates in accordance with the invention include thosewherein the solvent of crystallization may be isotopically substituted,e.g., D₂O, acetone-d₆, or DMSO-d₆. Compounds of the invention whichincludes compounds exemplified in Examples 1-97 described below, includeisotopically-labeled versions of these compounds, such as, but notlimited to, the deuterated and tritiated isotopes and all other isotopesdiscussed above.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to novel,selective, radiolabelled PDE4 ligands which are useful for imaging andquantifying the PDE4B receptor in tissues (e.g., brain), usingpositron-emission tomography (PET).

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to4-(8-Cyclopropyl-9-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-10-yl)-2-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzonitrile,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and its use for imaging atissue, cells or host, in vitro or in vivo.

Compounds

The compounds of Formula I, as described above, have apyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazinone core fused to a ring moiety represented by A.As described above, A along with the carbon atoms to which it isattached can form a fused (4- to 8-membered)oxygen-containingheterocycloalkyl ring, a fused phenyl ring, or a fused (5- to8-membered)nitrogen-containing heteroaryl ring (i.e., the 4- to8-membered)oxygen-containing heterocycloalkyl, phenyl or heteroaryl ofring A is fused to the pyrrole ring of the pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazinone coreand thus is referred to as fused (4- to 8-membered)oxygen-containingheterocycloalkyl, a fused phenyl and fused heteroaryl).

In certain embodiments, in Formula I, A is selected from the groupconsisting of an optionally substituted fused (4- to8-membered)oxygen-containing heterocycloalkyl ring, an optionallysubstituted fused phenyl ring, or an optionally substituted fused (5- to6-membered) nitrogen-containing heteroaryl ring.

In certain embodiments, when A is a fused (4- to8-membered)oxygen-containing heterocycloalkyl ring, the heterocycloalkylring is selected from the group consisting of oxetanyl, dihydrofuranyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, oxepanyl, and oxocanyl.

In certain embodiments, A is a fused (4- to 6-membered)oxygen-containingheterocycloalkyl ring selected from the group consisting of oxetanyl,dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydropyranyl. In certainembodiments, the fused (4- to 6-membered)oxygen-containingheterocycloalkyl ring is tetrahydropyranyl.

In certain other embodiments, A is a fused phenyl ring.

In certain other embodiments, when A is a fused (5- to6-membered)nitrogen-containing heteroaryl ring the heteroaryl ring isselected from the group consisting of pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinylpyridazinyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-,1,2,4, 1,2,5-, or 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl,and pyrazolyl.

In certain embodiments, A is a fused (5-membered)nitrogen-containingheteroaryl ring selected from the group consisting of triazolyl,imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-, 1,2,4, 1,2,5-, or1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, and pyrazolyl. Incertain embodiments the fused (5-membered)nitrogen-containing heteroarylring is thiazolyl.

In certain embodiments, A is a fused (6-membered)nitrogen-containingheteroaryl ring selected from the group consisting of pyridinyl,pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl and pyridazinyl. In certain embodiments, A is afused pyridinyl ring. In certain embodiments, A is a fused pyrimidinylring. In certain embodiments, A is a fused pyrazinyl ring. In certainembodiments, A is a fused pyridazinyl ring.

In any of the preceding embodiments, where chemically permissible, A isoptionally substituted with one to three R⁸, wherein each R⁸ isindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, cyano,hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro, N(R⁵)(R⁶), optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl, and optionallysubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkoxy.

In certain embodiments, when R⁸ is a halogen, the halogen is selectedfrom fluoro and chloro.

In certain other embodiments, when R⁸ is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkyl, the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl or propyl, andthe methyl, ethyl and propyl are optionally substituted with one tothree fluorine atoms. For example, an optionally substituted alkylincludes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl,trifluoromethyl, fluoroethyl, difluoroethyl, trifluoroethyl, and thelike.

In yet another embodiment, when R⁸ is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, the alkoxy is selected from methoxy, ethoxy or propoxyand the methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy are optionally substituted with oneto three fluorine atoms. For example, an optionally substituted alkoxyincludes, but is not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy,trifluoromethoxy, fluoroethoxy, difluoroethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, and thelike.

In certain embodiments A is unsubstituted.

It is to be understood that any of the above-mentioned subgenuses of Acan be combined together with any of the embodiments for R¹, R², R^(3a),R^(3b), R^(4a), R^(4b) and n as described above and hereinafter.

In another embodiment, in Formula I as described above, R¹ is selectedfrom the group consisting of an optionally substituted(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted (4- to10-membered)heterocycloalkyl, an optionally substituted (C₆-C₁₀)aryl,and an optionally substituted (5- to 14-membered)heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, when R¹ is an optionally substituted(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl the cycloalkyl is selected from the group consistingof cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl,cyclohexadienyl, and cyclopentenyl. In certain embodiments,(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl is cyclopentyl.

In another embodiment, when R¹ is an optionally substituted (4- to10-membered)heterocycloalkyl the heterocycloalkyl is selected from thegroup consisting of azetidinyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydrothiophenyl,tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrotriazinyl,tetrahydropyrazolyl, tetrahydrooxazinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl,octahydrobenzofuranyl, octahydrobenzimidazolyl, octahydrobenzothiazolyl,imidazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl,thiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl,tetrahydrothiazinyl, tetrahydrothiadiazinyl, tetrahydrooxazolyl,morpholinyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrodiazinyl, oxazinyl, oxathiazinyl,quinuclidinyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl,benzodioxolyl, benzoxazinyl, indolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl,tetrahydroquinolyl, isochromyl, dihydro-1H-isoindolyl,2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanonyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl,3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl and the like. Further examples ofheterocycloalkyl rings include tetrahydrofuran-2-yl,tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl,imidazolidin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl,piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl,piperazin-1-yl, piperazin-2-yl, 1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl, 1,4-oxazepan-1-yl,isothiazolidinyl, 1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl, 1,2-pyrazolidin-2-yl,1,2-tetrahydrothiazin-2-yl, 1,3-thiazinan-3-yl,1,2-tetrahydrodiazin-2-yl, 1,3-tetrahydrodiazin-1-yl, 1,4-oxazin-4-yl,oxazolidinonyl, 2-oxo-piperidinyl. In certain embodiments, the (4- to10-membered)heterocycloalkyl is dihydrobenzofuranyl.

In certain other embodiments, R¹ is an optionally substituted (4- to6-membered)heterocycloalkyl selected from the group consisting ofazetidinyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrotriazinyl, tetrahydropyrazolyl,tetrahydrooxazinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl,thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiazinyl,tetrahydrothiadiazinyl, tetrahydrooxazolyl, morpholinyl, oxetanyl,oxazinyl, and oxathiazinyl.

In certain other embodiments, when R¹ is an optionally substituted(C₆-C₁₀)aryl the aryl is selected from phenyl or naphthyl. In certainembodiments, the (C₆-C₁₀)aryl is phenyl.

In certain embodiments, when R¹ is an optionally substituted (5- to10-membered)heteroaryl the heteroaryl is selected from the groupconsisting of pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl,imidazolyl, furanyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-, 1,2,4, 1,2,5-,1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl,pyrazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl,benzothienyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, isobenzothiofuranyl,benzothiofuranyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl,furanopyridinyl, purinyl, imidazopyridinyl, imidazopyrimidinyl,pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl,thienopyridinyl, triazolopyrimidinyl, triazolopyridinyl, anthranilyl,quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, oxochromanyl, and1,4-benzoxazinyl. In certain embodiments, the (5- to10-membered)heteroaryl is triazolopyridinyl or furopyridinyl.

In certain other embodiments, R¹ is an optionally substituted (5- to6-membered)heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of oxazolyl,pyrazolyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is an optionally substituted(5-membered)nitrogen-containing heteroaryl selected from pyrazolyl ortriazolyl.

In certain other embodiments, R¹ is an optionally substituted(6-membered)nitrogen-containing heteroaryl selected from pyridinyl orpyrimidinyl.

In any of the preceding embodiments, where chemically permissible, R¹ isoptionally substituted with one to three R⁹, wherein each R⁹ isindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, cyano,hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro, optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkylthio,optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —N(R⁵)(R⁶), —(SO₂)R⁷, and —S(═O₂)N(R⁵)(R⁶), wherein R⁵and R⁶ at each occurrence are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₆)alkyl, and R⁷ is a (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

In certain embodiments, when R⁹ is a halogen, the halogen is selectedfrom fluoro and chloro.

In certain other embodiments, when R⁹ is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkyl, the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl or propyl, andthe methyl, ethyl and propyl are optionally substituted with one tothree fluorine atoms. For example, an optionally substituted alkylincludes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl,trifluoromethyl, fluoroethyl, difluoroethyl, trifluoroethyl, and thelike.

In yet another embodiment, when R⁹ is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, the alkoxy is selected from methoxy, ethoxy or propoxyand the methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy are optionally substituted with oneto three fluorine atoms. For example, an optionally substituted alkoxyincludes, but is not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy,trifluoromethoxy, fluoroethoxy, difluoroethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, and thelike.

It is to be understood that any of the above-mentioned subgenuses of R¹can be combined together with any of the embodiments for A, R², R^(3a),R^(3b), R^(4a), R^(4b) and n as described above and hereinafter.

In another embodiment, in Formula I as described above, R² is selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, optionallysubstituted (4- to 6-membered)heterocycloalkyl and optionallysubstituted (5- to 6-membered)heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R² is hydrogen.

In certain other embodiments, when R² is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkyl the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl,pentyl or hexyl. In certain embodiments the alkyl is methyl. In otherembodiments, the alkyl is ethyl. In other embodiments, the alkyl ispropyl.

In certain other embodiments, when R² is an optionally substituted(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl the cycloalkyl is selected from cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl or cyclooctyl. Incertain embodiments the cycloalkyl is cyclopropyl.

In certain other embodiments, when R² is an optionally substituted (4-to 6-membered)heterocycloalkyl the heterocycloalkyl is selected from thegroup consisting of azetidinyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydrothiophenyl,tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrotriazinyl,tetrahydropyrazolyl, tetrahydrooxazinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl,imidazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl,thiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl,tetrahydrothiazinyl, tetrahydrothiadiazinyl, tetrahydrooxazolyl,morpholinyl, oxetanyl, oxazinyl, and oxathiazinyl.

In certain other embodiments, when R² is an optionally substituted (5-to 6-membered)heteroaryl the heteroaryl is selected from the groupconsisting of oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl,pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl. In certain embodiments, R² is oxazolyl. Incertain other embodiments, R² is triazolyl. In certain otherembodiments, R² is pyrimidinyl.

In any of the preceding embodiments, where chemically permissible, R² isoptionally substituted with one to three R⁸, wherein each R⁸ isindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, cyano,hydroxy, —SF₅, optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, optionallysubstituted, nitro, optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl, and optionallysubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkoxy.

In certain embodiments, when R⁸ is a halogen, the halogen is selectedfrom fluoro and chloro.

In certain other embodiments, when R⁸ is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkyl, the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl or propyl, andthe methyl, ethyl and propyl are optionally substituted with one tothree fluorine atoms. For example, an optionally substituted alkylincludes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl,trifluoromethyl, fluoroethyl, difluoroethyl, trifluoroethyl, and thelike.

In yet another embodiment, when R⁸ is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, the alkoxy is selected from methoxy, ethoxy or propoxyand the methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy are optionally substituted with oneto three fluorine atoms. For example, an optionally substituted alkoxyincludes, but is not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy,trifluoromethoxy, fluoroethoxy, difluoroethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, and thelike.

It is to be understood that any of the above-mentioned subgenuses of R²can be combined together with any of the embodiments for A, R¹, R^(3a),R^(3b), R^(4a), R^(4b) and n as described above and hereinafter.

In certain embodiments, in Formula I, R^(3a), where chemicallypermissible, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro, N(R⁵)(R⁶), optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionallysubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, and optionally substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, R^(3a) is a hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, when R^(3a) is a halogen, the halogen isselected from fluoro and chloro.

In certain other embodiments, when R^(3a) is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkyl, the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl or propyl, andthe methyl, ethyl and propyl are optionally substituted with one tothree fluorine atoms. For example, an optionally substituted alkylincludes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl,trifluoromethyl, fluoroethyl, difluoroethyl, trifluoroethyl, and thelike. In certain embodiments, R^(3a) is methyl.

In yet another embodiment, when R^(3a) is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, the alkoxy is selected from methoxy, ethoxy or propoxyand the methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy are optionally substituted with oneto three fluorine atoms. For example, an optionally substituted alkoxyincludes, but is not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy,trifluoromethoxy, fluoroethoxy, difluoroethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, and thelike.

It is to be understood that any of the above-mentioned subgenuses ofR^(3a) can be combined together with any of the embodiments for A, R¹,R², R^(3b), R^(4a), R^(4b) and n as described above and hereinafter.

In certain embodiments, in Formula I, R² and R^(3a) taken together withthe nitrogen and carbon atoms to which they are attached form anoptionally substituted (4- to 6-membered)heterocycloalkyl ring selectedfrom the group consisting of azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and morpholinyl.

In any of the preceding embodiments, when R² and R^(3a) taken togetherwith the nitrogen and carbon atoms to which they are attached form a (4-to 6-membered)heterocycloalkyl, where chemically permissible, theheterocycloalkyl can be substituted with one to three R⁸ wherein each R⁸is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo,cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro, optionally substituted (C₁-C₈)alkyl, andoptionally substituted (C₁-C₈)alkoxy.

It is to be understood that any of the above-mentioned subgenuses of R²and R^(3a) taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attachedcan be combined together with any of the embodiments for A, R¹, R^(3b),R^(4a), R^(4b) and n as described above and hereinafter.

In certain embodiments, in Formula I, when present R^(3b), wherechemically permissible, is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro, N(R⁵)(R⁶),optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, and optionallysubstituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, R^(3b) is a hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, when R^(3b) is a halogen, the halogen isselected from fluoro and chloro.

In certain other embodiments, when R^(3b) is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkyl, the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl or propyl, andthe methyl, ethyl and propyl are optionally substituted with one tothree fluorine atoms. For example, an optionally substituted alkylincludes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl,trifluoromethyl, fluoroethyl, difluoroethyl, trifluoroethyl, and thelike. In certain embodiments, R^(3b) is methyl.

In yet another embodiment, when R^(3b) is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, the alkoxy is selected from methoxy, ethoxy or propoxyand the methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy are optionally substituted with oneto three fluorine atoms. For example, an optionally substituted alkoxyincludes, but is not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy,trifluoromethoxy, fluoroethoxy, difluoroethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, and thelike.

It is to be understood that any of the above-mentioned subgenuses ofR^(3b) can be combined together with any of the embodiments for A, R¹,R², R^(3a), R^(4a), R^(4b) and n as described above and hereinafter.

In certain embodiments, in Formula I, where chemically permissible.R^(3a) and R^(3b) taken together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form an optionally substituted (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl selected fromcyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. In certainembodiments, the cycloalky is cyclopropyl.

It is to be understood that any of the above-mentioned subgenuses ofR^(3a) and R^(3b) taken together with the carbon atom to which they areattached can be combined together with any of the embodiments for A, R¹,R², R^(4a), and R^(4b) as described above and hereinafter.

In certain embodiments, in Formula I, where chemically permissible,R^(4a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, oxo,cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro, —N(R⁵)(R⁶), optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionallysubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, and optionally substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, R^(4a) is a hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, when R^(4a) is a halogen, the halogen isselected from fluoro and chloro.

In certain other embodiments, when R^(4a) is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkyl, the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl or propyl, andthe methyl, ethyl and propyl are optionally substituted with one tothree fluorine atoms. For example, an optionally substituted alkylincludes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl,trifluoromethyl, fluoroethyl, difluoroethyl, trifluoroethyl, and thelike. In certain embodiments, R^(4a) is methyl.

In yet another embodiment, when R^(4a) is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, the alkoxy is selected from methoxy, ethoxy or propoxyand the methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy are optionally substituted with oneto three fluorine atoms. For example, an optionally substituted alkoxyincludes, but is not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy,trifluoromethoxy, fluoroethoxy, difluoroethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, and thelike.

It is to be understood that any of the above-mentioned subgenuses ofR^(4a) can be combined together with any of the embodiments for A, R¹,R², R^(3a), R^(3b), R^(4b) and n as described above and hereinafter.

In certain embodiments, in Formula I, when present R^(4b), wherechemically permissible, is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro, —N(R⁵)(R⁶),optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, and optionallysubstituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, R^(4b) is a hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, when R^(4b) is a halogen, the halogen isselected from fluoro and chloro.

In certain other embodiments, when R^(4b) is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkyl, the alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl or propyl, andthe methyl, ethyl and propyl are optionally substituted with one tothree fluorine atoms. For example, an optionally substituted alkylincludes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl,trifluoromethyl, fluoroethyl, difluoroethyl, trifluoroethyl, and thelike. In certain embodiments, R^(4b) is methyl.

In yet another embodiment, when R^(4b) is an optionally substituted(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, the alkoxy is selected from methoxy, ethoxy or propoxyand the methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy are optionally substituted with oneto three fluorine atoms. For example, an optionally substituted alkoxyincludes, but is not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy,trifluoromethoxy, fluoroethoxy, difluoroethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, and thelike.

In yet another embodiment, R^(4a) and R^(4b) taken together with thecarbon atom to which they are attached form a (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl or (4-to 6-membered)heterocycloalkyl, and where chemically permissible, the(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl or (4- to 6-membered)heterocycloalkyl are optionallysubstituted with one to three R⁸;

It is to be understood that any of the above-mentioned subgenuses ofR^(4a) and R^(4b) can be combined together with any of the embodimentsfor A, R¹, R², R^(3a), R^(3b) and n as described above.

In certain embodiments, in Formula I, ------ is absent or a bond. Incertain embodiments ------ is a bond and n is 0. In certain embodiments------ is absent and n is 1.

It is to be understood that any of the above-mentioned subgenuses of------ can be combined together with any of the embodiments for A, R¹,R², R^(3a), R^(3b), R^(4a) and R^(4b) as described above.

In another embodiment, selected compounds of the present invention maybe useful for treating a PDE4A, PDE4B, and/or PDE4C-mediated disorders,comprising administering to a mammal (preferably a human) in needthereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of theinvention effective in inhibiting PDE4A, PDE4B and/or PDE4C activity;more preferably, administering an amount of a compound of the inventionhaving improved binding affinity for PDE4A, PDE4B and/or PDE4C while atthe same time possessing less inhibitory activity toward PDE4D.

In certain other embodiments, selected compounds of the presentinvention may exhibit a binding affinity for the PDE4B isoform Incertain other embodiments, selected compounds of the present inventionmay exhibit a binding affinity for the PDE4A isoform. In certain otherembodiments, selected compounds of the present invention may exhibit abinding affinity for the PDE4C isoform.

In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have anenhanced binding affinity for the PDE4B isoform over the PDE4D isoformsuch that the compounds display about a 2-fold to about a 325-foldbinding affinity for the PDE4B isoform over the PDE4D isoform. Incertain other embodiments, the compounds of the present inventiondisplay about a 10-fold to about a 50-fold binding affinity for thePDE4B isoform over the PDE4D isoform. In certain other embodiments, thecompounds of the present invention display about a 51-fold to about a100-fold binding affinity for the PDE4B isoform over the PDE4D isoform.In certain other embodiments, the compounds of the present inventiondisplay about a 101-fold to about a 200-fold binding affinity for thePDE4B isoform over the PDE4D isoform. In certain embodiments, thecompounds of the present invention display at least about a 2-foldbinding affinity for the PDE4B isoform over the PDE4D isoform. Incertain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention display atleast about a 5-fold binding affinity for the PDE4B isoform over thePDE4D isoform. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the presentinvention display at least about a 10-fold binding affinity for thePDE4B isoform over the PDE4D isoform. In certain embodiments, thecompounds of the present invention display at least about a 20-foldbinding affinity for the PDE4B isoform over the PDE4D isoform. Incertain other embodiments, the compounds of the present inventiondisplay at least about a 40-fold binding affinity for the PDE4B isoformover the PDE4D isoform. In certain other embodiments, the compounds ofthe present invention display at least about a 50-fold binding affinityfor the PDE4B isoform over the PDE4D isoform. In certain otherembodiments, the compounds of the present invention display at leastabout a 75-fold binding affinity for the PDE4B isoform over the PDE4Disoform. In certain other embodiments, the compounds of the presentinvention display at least about a 100-fold binding affinity for thePDE4B isoform over the PDE4D isoform. In certain other embodiments, thecompounds of the present invention display at least about a 200-foldbinding affinity for the PDE4B isoform over the PDE4D isoform. Incertain other embodiments, the compounds of the present inventiondisplay at least about a 325-fold binding affinity for the PDE4B isoformover the PDE4D isoform. The binding affinities of the compounds of thepresent invention for the PDE4B and PDE4D isoforms are shown in Tables 9and 10 of the Experimental Section below.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of the present invention, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in admixture with at least onepharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In yet another embodiment, administration of the compounds of thepresent invention to a patient in need thereof may also lead to adecrease in gastrointestinal discomfort such as emesis, diarrhea, andnausea, which is currently believed to be associated with administrationof compounds having binding affinity for other PDE4 isoforms, especiallythe PDE4D isoform, resulting in an increase in patient compliance aswell as overall treatment outcome.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method oftreating central nervous system (CNS), neuroinflammatory, metabolic,autoimmune and inflammatory diseases or disorders comprisingadministering to the mammal, particularly a human, in need of suchtreatment a therapeutically effect amount of a compound of the presentinvention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides the use of acompound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating central nervoussystem (CNS), neuroinflammatory, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases ordisorders.

Pharmacology

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) of the PDE4 family are characterized byselective, high-affinity hydrolytic degradation of the second messengercyclic nucleotide, adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). ThePDE4A, PDE4B and PDE4D subtypes are known to be widely expressedthroughout the brain, with regional and intracellular distribution forthe PDE4A, PDE4B and PDE4D subtypes being distinct, whereas the PDE4Csubtype is expressed at lower levels throughout the central nervoussystem (See; Siuciak, J. A. et al., Antipsychotic profile of rolipram:efficacy in rats and reduced sensitivity in mice deficient in thephosphodiesterase-4B (PDE4B) enzyme, Psychopharmacology (2007)192:415-424). The location of the PDE4 subtypes makes them aninteresting target for exploring new treatments for central nervoussystem diseases and disorders. For example, PDE4B has been identified asa genetic susceptibility factor for schizophrenia (See: Millar, J. K. etal., Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 and phosphodiesterase 4B: towards anunderstanding of psychiatric illness, J. Physiol. 584 (2007) pp.401-405).

The PDE4 inhibitor rolipram has been shown to be useful in treating orreversing Aβ-induced memory deficits in rats via the attenuation ofneuronal inflammation and apoptosis-mediated cAMP/CREB signaling, and isa potential target for treatment of cognitive deficits associated withAD. (See: Wang, C. et al., The phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor rolipramreverses Aβ-induced cognitive impairment and neuroinflammatory andapoptotic responses in rats, International Journal ofNeuropsychopharmacology (2012), 15, 749-766).

PDE4 inhibitors have also been shown to possess antidepressant effectsby decreasing brain levels of PDE4 in individuals with major depressivedisorder (MDD) (See: Fujita, M. et al., C-(R)-Rolipram Positron EmissionTomography in Major Depressive Disorder, Biological Psychiatry, 71,2012, 548-554).

Furthermore, PDE4 inhibitors have been shown to possess therapeuticactivity with implications for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (See:Sun, X. et al., Rolipram promotes remyelination possibly via MEK-ERKsignal pathway in cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse, ExperimentalNeurology 2012; 237:304-311).

In view of the above, in certain embodiments, the compounds of thepresent invention have a wide range of therapeutic applications for thetreatment of conditions or diseases of the central nervous system whichinclude neurologic, neurodegenerative and/or psychiatric disorders.Neurologic, neurodegenerative and/or psychiatric disorders, include butare not limited to, (1) mood [affective] disorders; (2) neurotic,stress-related and somatoform disorders including anxiety disorders; (3)disorders comprising the symptom of cognitive deficiency in a mammal,including a human; (4) disorders comprising attention deficits,executive function deficits (working memory deficits), dysfunction ofimpulse control, extrapyramidal symptoms, disorders that are based on amalfunction of basal ganglia; (5) behavioral and emotional disorderswith onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence; (6) disordersof psychological development; (7) systemic atrophies primarily affectingthe central nervous system; (8) extrapyramidal and movement disorders;(9) behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances andphysical factors; (10) disorders of adult personality and behavior; (11)schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders; (12) mental and behavioraldisorders due to psychoactive substance use; (13) sexual dysfunctioncomprising excessive sexual drive; (14) mental retardation; (15)factitious disorders, e.g., acute hallucinatory mania; (16) episodic andparoxysmal disorders, epilepsy; (17) narcolepsy; (18) dementia.

Examples of mood [affective] disorders that can be treated according tothe present invention include, but are not limited to, bipolar disorderI, hypomania (manic and mixed form), bipolar disorder II; depressivedisorders such as single depressive episode or recurrent majordepressive disorder, chronic depression, psychotic depression, minordepressive disorder, depressive disorder with postpartum onset,depressive disorders with psychotic symptoms; persistent mood[affective] disorders such as cyclothymia, dysthymia, euthymia;premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Examples of neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders that canbe treated according to the present invention include, but are notlimited to, anxiety disorders, social anxiety disorder, general anxietydisorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, specific phobia,social phobia, chronic anxiety disorders; obsessive compulsive disorder;reaction to sever stress and adjustment disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder; other neuroticdisorders such as depersonalization-derealization syndrome.

The phrase “cognitive deficiency” as used here in “disorder comprisingas a symptom cognitive deficiency” refers to a subnormal functioning ora suboptimal functioning in one or more cognitive aspects such asmemory, intellect, learning and logic ability, or attention andexecutive function (working memory) in a particular individualcomparative to other individuals within the same general age population.

Examples of disorders comprising as a symptom cognitive deficiency thatcan be treated according to the present invention include, but are notlimited to, cognitive deficits primarily but not exclusively related toamnesia, psychosis (schizophrenia), Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer'sdisease, multi infarct dementia, senile dementia, Lewis body dementia,stroke, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy,Huntington's disease, HIV disease (HIV-associated dementia), cerebraltrauma and drug abuse; mild cognitive disorder ADHD, Asperger'ssyndrome, and age-associated memory impairment.

Examples of disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood andadolescence that can be treated according to the present inventioninclude, but are not limited to, hyperkinetic disorders includingdisturbance of activity and attention, attention deficit/hyperactivitydisorder (ADHD), hyperkinetic conduct disorder; attention deficitdisorder (ADD); conduct disorders, including but not limited todepressive conduct disorder; tic disorders including transient ticdisorder, chronic motor or vocal tic disorder, combined vocal andmultiple motor tic disorder (Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome),substance induced tic disorders; autistic disorders; Batten disease,excessive masturbation nail-biting, nose-picking and thumb-sucking.

Examples of disorders of psychological development that can be treatedaccording to the present invention include, but are not limited topervasive developmental disorders, including but not limited toAsperger's syndrome and Rett syndrome, autistic disorders, childhoodautism and overactive disorder associated with mental retardation andstereotyped movements, specific developmental disorder of motorfunction, specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills.

Examples of systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervoussystem that can be treated according to the present invention include,but are not limited to, multiple sclerosis systemic atrophies primarilyaffecting the basal ganglia including Huntington's disease, andamyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Examples of extrapyramidal and movement disorders with malfunctionand/or degeneration of basal ganglia that can be treated according tothe present invention include, but are not limited to, Parkinson'sdisease; second Parkinsonism such as postencephalitic Parkinsonism;Parkinsonism comprised in other disorders; Niemann-Pick disease, Lewybody disease; degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia; otherextrapyramidal and movement disorders including tremor, essential tremorand drug-induced tremor, myoclonus, chorea and drug-induced chorea,drug-induced tics and tics of organic origin, drug-induced acutedystonia, drug-induced tardive dyskinesia, muscular spasms and disordersassociated with muscular spasticity or weakness including tremors;mental deficiency (including spasticity, Down syndrome and fragile Xsyndrome)L-dopa-induced dyskinesia; restless leg syndrome Stiff-mansyndrome.

Further examples of movement disorders with malfunction and/ordegeneration of basal ganglia that can be treated according to thepresent invention include, but are not limited to, dystonia includingbut not limited to focal dystonia, multiple-focal or segmental dystonia,torsion dystonia, hemispheric, generalized and tardive dystonia (inducedby psychopharmacological drugs). Focal dystonia include cervicaldystonia (torticolli), blepharospasm (cramp of the eyelid), appendiculardystonia (cramp in the extremities, like the writer's cramp),oromandibular dystonia and spasmodic dysphonia (cramp of the vocalcord); neuroleptic-induced movement disorders including but not limitedto neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), neuroleptic inducedparkinsonism, neuroleptic-induced early onset or acute dyskinesia,neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia, neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia,neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic-induced tremor.

Examples of behavioral syndromes associated with physiologicaldisturbances and physical factors according to the present inventioninclude, but are not limited to nonorganic sleep disorders, includingbut not limited to nonorganic hypersomnia, nonorganic disorder of thesleep-wake schedule (circadian rhythm sleep disorder), insomnia,parasomnia and sleep deprivation; mental and behavioral disordersassociated with the puerperium including postnatal and postpartumdepression; eating disorders, including but not limited to anorexianervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, hyperphagia, obesity,compulsive eating disorders and pagophagia.

Examples of disorders of adult personality and behavior that can betreated according to the present invention include, but are not limitedto, personality disorders, including but not limited to emotionallyunstable, borderline, obsessive-compulsive, anankastic, dependent andpassive-aggressive personality disorder; habit and impulse disorders(impulse-control disorder) including intermittent explosive disorder,pathological gambling, pathological fire-setting (pyromania),pathological stealing (kleptomania), trichotillomania; Munchausensyndrome.

Examples of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders that can betreated according to the present invention include, but are not limitedto, continuous or episodic schizophrenia of different types (forinstance paranoid, hebephrenic, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual,and schizophreniform disorders); schizotypal disorders (such asborderline, latent, prepsychotic, prodromal, pseudoneuroticpseudopsychopathic schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder);persistent delusional disorders; acute, transient and persistentpsychotic disorders; induced delusional disorders; schizoaffectivedisorders of different type (for instance manic depressive or mixedtype); puerperal psychosis and other and unspecified nonorganicpsychosis.

Examples of mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactivesubstance use that can be treated according to the present inventioninclude, but are not limited to, mental and behavioral disorders due touse of alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives or hypnotics, cocaine;mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of other stimulantsincluding caffeine, mental and behavioral disorders due to drugdependence and abuse (e.g., narcotic dependence, alcoholism, amphetamineand methamphetamine dependence, opioid dependence, cocaine addiction,nicotine dependence, and drug withdrawal syndrome, and relapseprevention), use of hallucinogens, tobacco (nicotine), volatile solventsand mental and behavioral disorders due to multiple drug use and use ofother psychoactive substances including the following subtype symptoms:harmful use, dependence syndrome, withdrawal state, and withdrawal statewith delirium.

Examples of dementia that can be treated according to the presentinvention include, but are not limited to, vascular dementia, dementiadue to Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, HIV, head trauma, Parkinson's,Huntington's, Pick's disease, dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to methods forthe treatment of schizophrenia by administration of a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a tricyclic compound of the present invention to apatient in need thereof.

In certain other embodiments, the invention is further directed to amethod for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated withschizophrenia by administration of a therapeutically effective amount ofa tricyclic compound of the present invention to a patient in needthereof.

In addition to the central nervous system disorders mentioned above,there is extensive literature in the art describing the effects of PDEinhibitors on various autoimmune and inflammatory cell responses, whichin addition to cAMP increase, include inhibition of superoxideproduction, degranulation, chemotaxis and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)release in eosinophils, neutrophils and monocytes. Therefore, thetricyclic compounds of the present invention may be useful for treatingautoimmune and inflammatory diseases. (See: Schett, G. et al.,Apremilast: A novel PDE4 Inhibitor in the Treatment of Autoimmune andInflammatory Diseases, Ther. Adv. Musculoskeletal Dis. 2010;2(5):271-278). For example, the compounds of the present invention maybe useful for treatment of oral ulcers associated with Behçet's disease(Id.). The compounds of the present invention may also be useful for thetreatment of pain associated with arthritis (See: Hess, A. et al.,Blockade of TNF-α rapidly inhibits pain responses in the central nervoussystem, PNAS, vol. 108, no. 9, 3731-3736 (2011) or for the treatment ofpsoriasis or psoriatic arthritis (See: Schafer, P., Apremilast mechanismof action and application to psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, Biochem.Pharmacol. (2012), 15; 83(12):1583-90). Accordingly, tricyclic compoundsof the present invention may also be useful for treatment of ankylosingspondylitis [see: Patan, E. et al., Efficacy and safety of apremilast,an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in ankylosing spondylitis, Ann.Rheum. Dis. (Sep. 14, 2102)]. Other conditions treatable byadministration of the compounds of the present invention include, butare not limited to, acute and chronic airway diseases such as, but notlimited to, asthma, chronic or acute bronchoconstriction, chronicbronchitis, bronchiectasis, small airways obstruction, emphysema,obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases, acute respiratory distresssyndrome (ARDS), COPD, pneumoconiosis, seasonal allergic rhinitis orperennial allergic rhinitis or sinusitis, and acute lung injury (ALI)

In yet another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may beuseful for treating erectile dysfunction, rheumatoid arthritis,osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, gout, and fever, edema and pain associatedwith inflammation, eosinophil-related disorders, skin and connectivetissue disorders such as dermatitis or eczema, urticaria,conjunctivitis, uveitis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease,ulcerative colitis, sepsis, septic shock, liver injury, pulmonaryhypertension, pulmonary edema, bone loss disease, foot ulcers andinfection.

In yet another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may beuseful for treating cancer. For example, the compounds of the presentinvention may be useful for treatment of brain cancer (e.g.,medulloblastoma) (See: Schmidt, A. L., BDNF and PDE4, but not GRPR,Regulate Viability of Human Medulloblastoma Cells, J. Mol. Neuroscience(2010) 40:303-310). The compounds of the present invention may also beuseful for treating melanoma (See: Marquette, A. et al., ERK and PDE4cooperate to induce RAF isoform switching in melanoma, Nature Structural& Molecular Biology, vol. 18, no. 5, 584-91, 2011). In certainembodiments, the compounds of the present invention may be useful fortreating leukemia, e.g., chronic lymphocytic leukemia, (See: Kim, D. H.et al., Type 4 Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Phosphodiesterase as aTherapeutic Target in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Blood Journal of TheAmerican Society of Hematology, Oct. 1, 1998, vol. 92, no. 7 2484-2494).

In certain other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention maybe useful for treating diabetes or diseases associated with diabetes(See: Vollert, S. et al., The glucose-lowering effects of the PDE4inhibitors roflumilast and roflumilast-N-Oxide in db/db mice,Diabetologia (2012) 55:2779-2788. Wouters, E. F. M. et al., Effect ofthe Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor Roflumilast on Glucose Metabolism inPatients with Treatment-Naïve, Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012, 97, 1720-1725).Other examples include, but are not limited to, diabetic maculardegeneration, diabetic neuropathy, obesity, Type I diabetes, Type IIdiabetes mellitus, idiopathic Type I diabetes (Type Ib), latentautoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), early-onset Type II diabetes(EOD), youth-onset atypical diabetes (YOAD), maturity onset diabetes ofthe young (MODY), malnutrition-related diabetes, gestational diabetes,metabolic syndrome, syndrome X, impaired glucose metabolism, glucoseintolerance, conditions of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), conditionsof impaired fasting plasma glucose, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia,insulin resistance, metabolic acidosis, ketosis, urinary incontinence(e.g., bladder overactivity), diabetic macular edema, nephropathy andrelated health risks (e.g., diabetic nephropathy), symptoms ordisorders. As such, the compounds can also be used to reduce body fat orbody weight of an overweight or obese individual.

In certain other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention maybe useful in the prevention and treatment of disorders associated withenhanced endothelial activity, impaired endothelial barrier functionand/or enhanced neoangiogenesis, such as septic shock; angioedema,peripheral edema, communicating or non-communicating hydrocepahuls,vascular edema, cerebral edema; reduced natriuria pathology;inflammatory diseases, including asthma, rhinitis, arthritis andrheumatoid diseases and autoimmune diseases; acute and/or chronic renalor liver failure, glomerulosclerosis, liver dysfunction; non-alcoholicsteatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),psoriasis, Irritable Bowel Disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, andbenign/malignant neoplasia.

In certain other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention maybe useful for treating diseases of the spinal cord and/or peripheralnervous system, including spinal cord injury, spinal cord edema, spinalcord tumors, vascular malformations or anomalies of the spinal cord,syringomyelia, hydromyelia.

In certain other embodiments, the compounds described herein are furtheruseful in the prevention and treatment of disorders associated withcardiovascular disease, thrombosis, embolism, or ischemic disordersincluding, but not limited to thrombosis induced tissue infarction incoronary artery disease, in cerebrovascular disease (including cerebralarteriosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, hereditary cerebralhemorrhage, and brain hypoxia-ischemia) and/or in peripheral vasculardisease; left ventricular hypertrophy, peripheral arterial disease,hyper apo B lipoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia,dyslipidemia, post-prandial lipemia, stable and unstable angina, anginapectoris, transient ischemic attacks, stroke, intermittent claudication,atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, hypertension, myocardialinfarct (e.g., necrosis and apoptosis), cerebral infarct, reperfusioninjury (brain/cardiac), traumatic brain injury, subdural, epidural orsubarachnoid hemorrhage, migraine, cluster and tension headaches,placenta insufficiency thrombosis after surgical procedures, such asbypass, angioplasty, restenosis after angioplasty, stent placement,heart valve replacement, cognitive decline or delirium post-operative orin association with intensive care therapy, brain or ophthalmologictumors.

In certain other embodiments, the compounds described herein are furtheruseful for treating pain conditions and disorders. Examples of such painconditions and disorders include, but are not limited to, inflammatorypain, hyperalgesia, inflammatory hyperalgesia, migraine, cancer pain,osteoarthritis pain, post-surgical pain, non-inflammatory pain,neuropathic pain, sub-categories of neuropathic pain includingperipheral neuropathic pain syndromes, chemotherapy-induced neuropathy,complex regional pain syndrome, HIV sensory neuropathy, neuropathysecondary to tumor infiltration, painful diabetic neuropathy, phantomlimb pain, postherpetic neuralgia, postmastectomy pain, trigeminalneuralgia, central neuropathic pain syndromes, central post stroke pain,multiple sclerosis pain, Parkinson disease pain, and spinal cord injurypain.

In certain other embodiments, the compounds described herein are furtheruseful for treating wounds or promoting wound healing, burns, scarring,and related conditions.

In certain other embodiments, the compounds described herein are furtheruseful for treating neuronal damage disorders (including ocular damage,cataract, retinopathy including diabetic macular edema or maculardegeneration of the eye, tinnitus, hearing impairment and loss, andbrain edema).

In certain other embodiments, the compounds described herein are furtheruseful for treating transplant rejection, allograft rejection, renal andliver failure, and restless leg syndrome.

The compounds of the invention are also useful in treating and/orpreventing a disease or condition mediated by or otherwise associatedwith an IRAK enzyme; the method comprising administering to a subject inneed thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention.

The disease may be, but not limited to, one of the following classes:autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, allergic diseases, metabolicdiseases, infection-based diseases, trauma or tissue-injury baseddiseases, fibrotic diseases, genetic diseases, diseases driven byover-activity of IL1 pathways, cardiovascular diseases, vasculardiseases, heart diseases, neurological diseases, neurodegenerativediseases, respiratory diseases, pulmonary diseases, airways diseases,renal diseases, skin and/or dermatological diseases, liver diseases,gastrointestinal diseases, oral diseases, pain and sensory diseases,hematopoietic diseases, joint diseases, muscle diseases, bone diseases,and ophthalmic and/or ocular diseases.

Specific autoimmune diseases include, but are not limited to: rheumatoidarthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, allergic dermatitis, systemiclupus erythematosus (and resulting complications), Sjögren's syndrome,multiple sclerosis, asthma, glomerular nephritis, irritable bowelsyndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ankylosingspondylitis, Behçet's disease, lupus nephritis, scleroderma, systemicscleroderma, type 1 or juvenile on-set diabetes, alopecia universalis,acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Addison's disease,antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, atrophic gastritis of perniciousanemia, autoimmune alopecia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmunehepatitis, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, autoimmune thrombocytopenia,Bullous pemphigoid, Chagas disease, Celiac disease, chronic hepatitis,Cogan's syndrome, dermatomyositis, endometriosis, Goodpasture'ssyndrome, Graves' disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Hashimoto's disease(or Hashimoto's thyroiditis), hemolytic anemia, hidradentitissuppurativa, idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, interstitial cystitis,membranous glomerulopathy, morphea, mystenia gravis, narcolepsy,pemphigus, pernicous anemia, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyositis, primarybiliary cirrhosis, Reiter's syndrome, schizophrenia, symphatheticopthalmia, systemic sclerosis, temporal arteritis, thyroiditis,vasculitis, vitiglio, vulvodynia, Wegner's granulomatosis, palmoplantarkeratoderma, systemic-onset Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (SJIA), or anindication listed in a separate category herein.

Specific inflammatory diseases include, but are not limited to: chronicobstructive pulmonary diseases, airway hyper-responsiveness, cysticfibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sinusitis, rhinitis,gingivitis, atherosclerosis, chronic prostatitis, glomerular nephritis,ulcerative colitis, uveitis, periodontal disease, or an indicationlisted in a separate category herein.

Specific pain conditions include, but are not limited to: inflammatorypain, surgical pain, visceral pain, dental pain, premenstrual pain,central pain, pain due to burns, migraine or cluster headaches, nerveinjury, interstitial cystitis, cancer pain, viral, parasitic orbacterial infection, post-traumatic injury, pain associated withirritable bowel syndrome, gout, pain associated with any of the otherindications listed within this specification, or an indication listed ina separate category herein.

Specific respiratory, airway and pulmonary conditions include, but arenot limited to: asthma (which may encompass chronic, late, bronchial,allergic, intrinsic, extrinsic or dust), chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension,cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, acute lung injury,sarcoidosis, allergic rhinitis, chronic cough, bronchitis, recurrentairway obstruction, emphysema, or bronchospasm, or an indication listedin a separate disease category herein.

Specific gastrointestinal (GI) disorders include, but are not limitedto: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD),biliary colic and other biliary disorders, renal colic,diarrhea-dominant IBS, pain associated with GI distension, ulcerativecolitis, Crohn's Disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Celiac disease,proctitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, mastocytosis, or an indicationlisted in a separate disease category herein.

Specific allergic diseases include, but are not limited to: anaphylaxis,allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, allergic urticaria, angioedema,allergic asthma, allergic reactions to: food, drugs, insect bites,pollen; or an indication listed in a separate disease category herein.

Specific infection-based diseases include, but are not limited to:sepsis, septic shock, viral diseases, malaria, Lyme disease, ocularinfections, conjunctivitis, Whipple Disease, or an indication listed ina separate disease category herein.

Specific trauma and tissue injury-based conditions include, but are notlimited to: Renal glomerular damage, reperfusion injury (for example toheart, kidney, lung), spinal cord injury, tissue scarring, tissueadhesion, tissue repair, transplant rejection (for examples to heart,lung, bone marrow, cartilage, cornea, kidney, limb, liver, muscle,myoblast, pancreas, pancreatic islet, skin, nerve, small intestine,trachea), hypersensitivities, or an indication listed in a separatedisease category herein.

Specific fibrotic diseases include, but are not limited to: Idiopathicpulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, renal fibrosis, or an indicationlisted in a separate disease category herein.

Specific diseases considered to be driven by over-activity of IL1pathways include, but are not limited to: Cryopyrin-associated periodicsyndromes, myositis, and indications included in the following reviewarticle: C. A. Dinarello, A. Simon and J. W. M. van der Meer, Treatinginflammation by blocking interleukin-1 in a broad spectrum of diseases,Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2012, 11(8), 633-652,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3800 and supplementary informationcontained therein, or an indication listed in a separate diseasecategory herein.

Specific ophthalmic/ocular diseases include, but are not limited to:uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema,keratoconjuctivitis, uveitis associated with Behçet's disease, vernalconjunctivitis, ketatitis, lens-induced uveitis, herpetic keratitis,conical keratitis, corneal epithelial dystrophy, ocular pemphigus,Mooren's ulcer, Scleritis, Graves' ophthalmopathy, Vogt-Koyanagi-Haradasyndrome, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, phlyctenule, iridocyclitis,sympathetic ophthalmia, allergic conjunctivitis, ocularneovascularization, dry eye syndrome, or an indication listed in aseparate disease category herein.

Specific joint, muscle and bone disorders include, but are not limitedto: osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenilearthritis, psoriatic arthritis, erosive osteoarthritis of the hand,arthrofibrosis/traumatic knee injury, anterior cruciate knee ligamenttear, relapsing polychondritis, recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis,Majeed Syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, gout of the lumbar spine,antisynthetase syndrome, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, articularchondrocalcinosis, systemic-onset Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (SJIA),gout and pyrophosphate crystal arthritis, or an indication listed in aseparate disease category herein.

Specific skin/dermatological diseases include, but are not limited to:psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, cutaneous lupus, acne, dermatomyositis,eczema, pruritus, scleroderma, Sweet Syndrome/neutrophilic dermatosis,neutrophilic panniculitis, acrodermatitis (form of pustular psoriasis),or an indication listed in a separate disease category herein.

Specific renal diseases include, but are not limited to: acute kidneyinjury (AKI) (sepsis-AKI, coronary artery bypass graft-AKI, cardiacsurgery-AKI, non-cardiac surgery-AKI, transplant surgery-AKIcisplatin-AKI, contrast/imaging agent induced-AKI), glomerulonephritis,IgA nephropathy, crescentic GN, lupus nephritis, HIV associatednephropathy, membraneous nephropathy, C3 glomerulopathy, Dense depositdisease, ANCA vasculitis, diabetic nephropathy, hemolytic-uremicsyndrome, atypical Hemolytic-uremic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome,nephritic syndrome, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, ApoL1 nephropathy,focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Alport syndrome, Fanconi, syndrome,crystal nephropathy, nephrolithiasis, nephrotic syndrome, renaltransplant rejection, amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis in SJIA, or anindication listed in a separate disease category herein.

Specific genetic diseases include, but are not limited to: FamilialMediterranean fever (FMF), CAPS (FCAS, Muckle-Wells Syndrome,NOMID/CINCA), male hypoinfertility in CAPS, NLRP12 AutoinflammatorySyndrome, or an indication listed in a separate disease category herein.

Specific hematopoietic diseases include, but are not limited to:hemolytic anemia, or an indication listed in a separate disease categoryherein.

Specific liver diseases include, but are not limited to: liver fibrosis,liver cirrhosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or an indicationlisted in a separate disease category herein.

Specific oral diseases include, but are not limited to: gingivitis,periodontal disease or an indication listed in a separate diseasecategory herein.

Specific metabolic diseases include, but are not limited to: Type 2diabetes (and resulting complications), gout and hyperuricemia,metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, obesity, or an indication listedin a separate disease category herein.

Compounds of the current invention are also useful in the treatment of aproliferative disease selected from a benign or malignant tumor, solidtumor, carcinoma of the brain, kidney, liver, adrenal gland, bladder,breast, stomach, gastric tumors, ovaries, colon, rectum, prostate,pancreas, lung, vagina, cervix, testis, genitourinary tract, esophagus,larynx, skin, bone or thyroid, sarcoma, glioblastomas, neuroblastomas,multiple myeloma, gastrointestinal cancer, especially colon carcinoma orcolorectal adenoma, a tumor of the neck and head, an epidermalhyperproliferation, psoriasis, prostate hyperplasia, a neoplasia, aneoplasia of epithelial character, adenoma, adenocarcinoma,keratoacanthoma, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma,nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma, lymphomas, Hodgkins and Non-Hodgkins, amammary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma,papillary carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, smoldering of indolent multiplemyeloma, or hematological malignancies (including leukemia, diffuselarge B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), ABC DLBCL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL), chronic lymphocytic lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, Burkittlymphoma/leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell prolymphocyticleukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia(WM), splenic marginal zone lymphoma, multiple myeloma, plasmacytoma,intravascular large B-cell lymphoma), or an indication listed in aseparate disease category herein.

Cardiovascular conditions include, but are not limited to coronary heartdisease, acute coronary syndrome, ischaemic heart disease, first orrecurrent myocardial infarction, secondary myocardial infarction, non-STsegment elevation myocardial infarction, or ST segment elevationmyocardial infarction, ischemic sudden death, transient ischemic attack,peripheral occlusive arterial disease, angina, atherosclerosis,hypertension, heart failure (such as congestive heart failure),diastolic dysfunction (such as left ventricular diastolic dysfunction,diastolic heart failure, and impaired diastolic filling), systolicdysfunction (such as systolic heart failure with reduced ejectionfraction), vasculitis, ANCA vasculitis, post-myocardial infarctioncardiac remodeling atrial fibrillation, arrhythmia (ventricular),ischemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, sudden cardiac death, myocardialand vascular fibrosis, impaired arterial compliance, myocardial necroticlesions, vascular damage, left ventricular hypertrophy, decreasedejection fraction, cardiac lesions, vascular wall hypertrophy,endothelial thickening, fibrinoid necrosis of coronary arteries, adverseremodeling, stroke, and the like, or an indication listed in a separatedisease category herein. Also, included are venous thrombosis, deep veinthrombosis, thrombophlebitis, arterial embolism, coronary arterialthrombosis, cerebral arterial thrombosis, cerebral embolism, kidneyembolism, pulmonary embolism, and thrombosis resulting from (a)prosthetic valves or other implants, (b) indwelling catheters, (c)stents, (d) cardiopulmonary bypass, (e) hemodialysis, or (f) otherprocedures in which blood is exposed to an artificial surface thatpromotes thrombosis. It is noted that thrombosis includes occlusion(e.g., after a bypass) and reocclusion (e.g., during or afterpercutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty).

Cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes are associated withinflammation, accordingly, the compounds of the present invention may beused to treat diabetes and diabetic complications such as macrovasculardisease, hyperglycemia, metabolic syndrome, impaired glucose tolerance,hyperuricemia, glucosuria, cataracts, diabetic neuropathy, diabeticnephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension,hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance syndrome, or an indicationlisted in a separate disease category herein.

Linkage of innate immunity and inflammation to disease has beendemonstrated in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions.Therefore, the compounds of the present invention are particularlyindicated for use in the treatment of neuroinflammatory andneurodegenerative conditions (i.e., disorders or diseases) in mammalsincluding humans such as multiple sclerosis, migraine; epilepsy;Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; brain injury; stroke;cerebrovascular diseases (including cerebral arteriosclerosis, cerebralamyloid angiopathy, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage, and brainhypoxia-ischemia); cognitive disorders (including amnesia, seniledementia, HIV associated dementia, Alzheimer's associated dementia,Huntington's associated dementia, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia,drug related dementia, delirium, and mild cognitive impairment); mentaldeficiency (including Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome); sleepdisorders (including hypersomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorder,insomnia, parasomnia, and sleep deprivation) and psychiatric disorders(such as anxiety (including acute stress disorder, generalized anxietydisorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stressdisorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder); factitious disorder(including acute hallucinatory mania); impulse control disorders(including compulsive gambling and intermittent explosive disorder);mood disorders (including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder,mania, mixed affective state, major depression, chronic depression,seasonal depression, psychotic depression, and postpartum depression);psychomotor disorder; psychotic disorders (including schizophrenia,schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform, and delusional disorder);drug dependence (including narcotic dependence, alcoholism, amphetaminedependence, cocaine addiction, nicotine dependence, and drug withdrawalsyndrome); eating disorders (including anorexia, bulimia, binge eatingdisorder, hyperphagia, and pagophagia); and pediatric psychiatricdisorders (including attention deficit disorder, attentiondeficit/hyperactive disorder, conduct disorder, and autism), myotrophiclateral sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, or an indication listed ina separate disease category herein.

Formulations

The compounds of the invention may be administered orally. Oraladministration may involve swallowing, so that the compound enters thegastrointestinal tract, or buccal or sublingual administration may beemployed by which the compound enters the blood stream directly from themouth.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention may also beadministered directly into the blood stream, into muscle, or into aninternal organ. Suitable means for parenteral administration includeintravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal,intraventricular, intraurethral, intrasternal, intracranial,intramuscular and subcutaneous. Suitable devices for parenteraladministration include needle (including microneedle) injectors,needle-free injectors and infusion techniques.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention may also beformulated such that administration topically to the skin or mucosa(i.e., dermally or transdermally) leads to systemic absorption of thecompound. In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention can alsobe formulated such that administration intranasally or by inhalationleads to systemic absorption of the compound. In another embodiment, thecompounds of the invention may be formulated such that administrationrectally or vaginally leads to systemic absorption of the compound.

The dosage regimen for the compounds and/or compositions containing thecompounds is based on a variety of factors, including the type, age,weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of thecondition; the route of administration; and the activity of theparticular compound employed. Thus the dosage regimen may vary widely.Dosage levels of the order from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg perkilogram of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of theabove-indicated conditions. In one embodiment, the total daily dose of acompound of the invention (administered in single or divided doses) istypically from about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg. In another embodiment, thetotal daily dose of the compound of the invention is from about 0.1 toabout 50 mg/kg, and in another embodiment, from about 0.5 to about 30mg/kg (i.e., mg compound of the invention per kg body weight). In oneembodiment, dosing is from 0.01 to 10 mg/kg/day. In another embodiment,dosing is from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg/day. Dosage unit compositions maycontain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose.In many instances, the administration of the compound will be repeated aplurality of times in a day (typically no greater than 4 times).Multiple doses per day typically may be used to increase the total dailydose, if desired.

For oral administration, the compositions may be provided in the form oftablets containing 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0,25.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250 and 500 milligrams of theactive ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to thepatient. A medicament typically contains from about 0.01 mg to about 500mg of the active ingredient, or in another embodiment, from about 1 mgto about 100 mg of active ingredient. Intravenously, doses may rangefrom about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg/minute during a constant rate infusion.

Suitable subjects according to the present invention include mammaliansubjects. Mammals according to the present invention include, but arenot limited to, canine, feline, bovine, caprine, equine, ovine, porcine,rodents, lagomorphs, primates, and the like, and encompass mammals inutero. In one embodiment, humans are suitable subjects. Human subjectsmay be of either gender and at any stage of development.

In another embodiment, the invention comprises the use of one or morecompounds of the invention for the preparation of a medicament for thetreatment of the conditions recited herein.

For the treatment of the conditions referred to above, the compounds ofthe invention can be administered as compound per se. Alternatively,pharmaceutically acceptable salts are suitable for medical applicationsbecause of their greater aqueous solubility relative to the parentcompound.

In another embodiment, the present invention comprises pharmaceuticalcompositions. Such pharmaceutical compositions comprise a compound ofthe invention presented with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Thecarrier can be a solid, a liquid, or both, and may be formulated withthe compound as a unit-dose composition, for example, a tablet, whichcan contain from 0.05% to 95% by weight of the active compounds. Acompound of the invention may be coupled with suitable polymers astargetable drug carriers. Other pharmacologically active substances canalso be present.

The compounds of the present invention may be administered by anysuitable route, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical compositionadapted to such a route, and in a dose effective for the treatmentintended. The active compounds and compositions, for example, may beadministered orally, rectally, parenterally, or topically (e.g.,intranasal or ophthalmic).

Oral administration of a solid dose form may be, for example, presentedin discrete units, such as hard or soft capsules, pills, cachets,lozenges, or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of at leastone compound of the present invention. In another embodiment, the oraladministration may be in a powder or granule form. In anotherembodiment, the oral dose form is sub-lingual, such as, for example, alozenge. In such solid dosage forms, the compounds of the presentinvention are ordinarily combined with one or more adjuvants. Suchcapsules or tablets may contain a controlled-release formulation. In thecase of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage forms also may comprisebuffering agents or may be prepared with enteric coatings.

In another embodiment, oral administration may be in a liquid dose form.Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, for example,pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups,and elixirs containing inert diluents commonly used in the art (e.g.,water). Such compositions also may comprise adjuvants, such as wetting,emulsifying, suspending, flavoring (e.g., sweetening), and/or perfumingagents.

In another embodiment, the present invention comprises a parenteral doseform. “Parenteral administration” includes, for example, subcutaneousinjections, intravenous injections, intraperitoneal injections,intramuscular injections, intrasternal injections, and infusion.Injectable preparations (i.e., sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginoussuspensions) may be formulated according to the known art using suitabledispersing, wetting, and/or suspending agents, and include depotformulations.

In another embodiment, the present invention comprises a topical doseform. “Topical administration” includes, for example, transdermaladministration, such as via transdermal patches or iontophoresisdevices, intraocular administration, or intranasal or inhalationadministration. Compositions for topical administration also include,for example, topical gels, sprays, ointments, and creams. A topicalformulation may include a compound that enhances absorption orpenetration of the active ingredient through the skin or other affectedareas. When the compounds of this invention are administered by atransdermal device, administration will be accomplished using a patcheither of the reservoir and porous membrane type or of a solid matrixvariety. Typical formulations for this purpose include gels, hydrogels,lotions, solutions, creams, ointments, dusting powders, dressings,foams, films, skin patches, wafers, implants, sponges, fibers, bandagesand microemulsions. Liposomes may also be used. Typical carriers includealcohol, water, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum,glycerin, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Penetrationenhancers may be incorporated—see, for example, Finnin and Morgan, J.Pharm. Sci., 88 (10), 955-958 (1999).

Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye include, forexample, eye drops wherein the compound of this invention is dissolvedor suspended in a suitable carrier. A typical formulation suitable forocular or aural administration may be in the form of drops of amicronized suspension or solution in isotonic, pH-adjusted, sterilesaline. Other formulations suitable for ocular and aural administrationinclude ointments, biodegradable (e.g., absorbable gel sponges,collagen) and non-biodegradable (e.g., silicone) implants, wafers,lenses and particulate or vesicular systems, such as niosomes orliposomes. A polymer such as crossed-linked polyacrylic acid, polyvinylalcohol, hyaluronic acid, a cellulosic polymer, for example,hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, or methylcellulose, or a heteropolysaccharide polymer, for example, gelan gum,may be incorporated together with a preservative, such as benzalkoniumchloride. Such formulations may also be delivered by iontophoresis.

For intranasal administration or administration by inhalation, theactive compounds of the invention are conveniently delivered in the formof a solution or suspension from a pump spray container that is squeezedor pumped by the patient or as an aerosol spray presentation from apressurized container or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitablepropellant. Formulations suitable for intranasal administration aretypically administered in the form of a dry powder (either alone; as amixture, for example, in a dry blend with lactose; or as a mixedcomponent particle, for example, mixed with phospholipids, such asphosphatidylcholine) from a dry powder inhaler or as an aerosol sprayfrom a pressurized container, pump, spray, atomizer (preferably anatomizer using electrohydrodynamics to produce a fine mist), ornebulizer, with or without the use of a suitable propellant, such as1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane. Forintranasal use, the powder may comprise a bioadhesive agent, forexample, chitosan or cyclodextrin.

In another embodiment, the present invention comprises a rectal doseform. Such rectal dose form may be in the form of, for example, asuppository. Cocoa butter is a traditional suppository base, but variousalternatives may be used as appropriate.

Other carrier materials and modes of administration known in thepharmaceutical art may also be used. Pharmaceutical compositions of theinvention may be prepared by any of the well-known techniques ofpharmacy, such as effective formulation and administration procedures.The above considerations in regard to effective formulations andadministration procedures are well known in the art and are described instandard textbooks. Formulation of drugs is discussed in, for example,Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack PublishingCo., Easton, Pa., 1975; Liberman et al., Eds., Pharmaceutical DosageForms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; and Kibbe et al., Eds.,Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (3^(rd) Ed.), AmericanPharmaceutical Association, Washington, 1999.

The compounds of the present invention can be used, alone or incombination with other therapeutic agents, in the treatment of variousconditions or disease states. The compound(s) of the present inventionand other therapeutic agent(s) may be administered simultaneously(either in the same dosage form or in separate dosage forms) orsequentially. An exemplary therapeutic agent may be, for example, ametabotropic glutamate receptor agonist.

The administration of two or more compounds “in combination” means thatthe two compounds are administered closely enough in time that thepresence of one alters the biological effects of the other. The two ormore compounds may be administered simultaneously, concurrently orsequentially. Additionally, simultaneous administration may be carriedout by mixing the compounds prior to administration or by administeringthe compounds at the same point in time but at different anatomic sitesor using different routes of administration.

The phrases “concurrent administration,” “co-administration,”“simultaneous administration,” and “administered simultaneously” meanthat the compounds are administered in combination.

The present invention includes the use of a combination of a PDE4inhibitor compound of the present invention and one or more additionalpharmaceutically active agent(s). If a combination of active agents isadministered, then they may be administered sequentially orsimultaneously, in separate dosage forms or combined in a single dosageform. Accordingly, the present invention also includes pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising an amount of: (a) a first agent comprising acompound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltof the compound; (b) a second pharmaceutically active agent; and (c) apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle or diluent.

Various pharmaceutically active agents may be selected for use inconjunction with the compounds of the present invention, depending onthe disease, disorder, or condition to be treated. Pharmaceuticallyactive agents that may be used in combination with the compositions ofthe present invention include, without limitation:

(i) acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil hydrochloride(ARICEPT, MEMAC), physostigmine salicylate (ANTILIRIUM), physostigminesulfate (ESERINE), metrifonate, neostigmine, ganstigmine, pyridostigmine(MESTINON), ambenonium (MYTELASE), demarcarium, Debio 9902 (also knownas ZT-1; Debiopharm), rivastigmine (EXELON), ladostigil, NP-0361,galantamine hydrobromide (RAZADYNE, RIMINYL, NIVALIN), tacrine (COGNEX),tolserine, velnacrine maleate, memoquin, huperzine A (HUP-A;NeuroHitech), phenserine, edrophonium (ENLON, TENSILON), and INM-176;

(ii) amyloid-ß (or fragments thereof), such as Aß₁₋₁₅ conjugated to panHLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE), ACC-001 (Elan/Wyeth), ACI-01, ACI-24,AN-1792, Affitope AD-01, CAD106, and V-950;

(iii) antibodies to amyloid-ß (or fragments thereof), such as ponezumab,solanezumab, bapineuzumab (also known as AAB-001), AAB-002 (Wyeth/Elan),ACI-01-Ab7, BAN-2401, intravenous Ig (GAMMAGARD), LY2062430 (humanizedm266; Lilly), R1450 (Roche), ACU-5A5, huC091, and those disclosed inInternational Patent Publication Nos WO04/032868, WO05/025616,WO06/036291, WO06/069081, WO06/118959, in US Patent Publication NosUS2003/0073655, US2004/0192898, US2005/0048049, US2005/0019328, inEuropean Patent Publication Nos EP0994728 and 1257584, and in U.S. Pat.No. 5,750,349;

(iv) amyloid-lowering or -inhibiting agents (including those that reduceamyloid production, accumulation and fibrillization) such as dimebon,davunetide, eprodisate, leuprolide, SK-PC-B70M, celecoxib, lovastatin,anapsos, oxiracetam, pramiracetam, varenicline, nicergoline,colostrinin, bisnorcymserine (also known as BNC), NICS-15 (Humanetics),E-2012 (Eisai), pioglitazone, clioquinol (also known as PBT1), PBT2(Prana Biotechnology), flurbiprofen (ANSAID, FROBEN) and itsR-enantiomer tarenflurbil (FLURIZAN), nitroflurbiprofen, fenoprofen(FENOPRON, NALFON), ibuprofen (ADVIL, MOTRIN, NUROFEN), ibuprofenlysinate, meclofenamic acid, meclofenamate sodium (MECLOMEN),indomethacin (INDOCIN), diclofenac sodium (VOLTAREN), diclofenacpotassium, sulindac (CLINORIL), sulindac sulfide, diflunisal (DOLOBID),naproxen (NAPROSYN), naproxen sodium (ANAPROX, ALEVE), ARC031 (ArcherPharmaceuticals), CAD-106 (Cytos), LY450139 (Lilly), insulin-degradingenzyme (also known as insulysin), the gingko biloba extract EGb-761(ROKAN, TEBONIN), tramiprosate (CEREBRIL, ALZHEMED), eprodisate(FIBRILLEX, KIACTA), compound W (3,5-bis(4-nitrophenoxy)benzoic acid),NGX-96992, neprilysin (also known as neutral endopeptidase (NEP)),scyllo-inositol (also known as scyllitol), atorvastatin (LIPITOR),simvastatin (ZOCOR), KLVFF-(EEX)3, SKF-74652, ibutamoren mesylate, BACEinhibitors such as ASP-1702, SCH-745966, JNJ-715754, AMG-0683,AZ-12304146, BMS-782450, GSK-188909, NB-533, E2609 and TTP-854; gammasecretase modulators such as ELND-007; and RAGE (receptor for advancedglycation end-products) inhibitors, such as TTP488 (Transtech) andTTP4000 (Transtech), and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,285,293,including PTI-777;

(v) alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists, such as guanfacine (INTUNIV,TENEX), clonidine (CATAPRES), metaraminol (ARAMINE), methyldopa(ALDOMET, DOPAMET, NOVOMEDOPA), tizanidine (ZANAFLEX), phenylephrine(also known as neosynephrine), methoxamine, cirazoline, guanfacine(INTUNIV), lofexidine, xylazine, modafinil (PROVIGIL), adrafinil, andarmodafinil (NUVIGIL);

(vi) beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (beta blockers), such ascarteolol, esmolol (BREVIBLOC), labetalol (NORMODYNE, TRANDATE),oxprenolol (LARACOR, TRASACOR), pindolol (VISKEN), propanolol (INDERAL),sotalol (BETAPACE, SOTALEX, SOTACOR), timolol (BLOCADREN, TIMOPTIC),acebutolol (SECTRAL, PRENT), nadolol (CORGARD), metoprolol tartrate(LOPRESSOR), metoprolol succinate (TOPROL-XL), atenolol (TENORMIN),butoxamine, and SR 59230A (Sanofi);

(vii) anticholinergics, such as amitriptyline (ELAVIL, ENDEP),butriptyline, benztropine mesylate (COGENTIN), trihexyphenidyl (ARTANE),diphenhydramine (BENADRYL), orphenadrine (NORFLEX), hyoscyamine,atropine (ATROPEN), scopolamine (TRANSDERM-SCOP), scopolaminemethylbromide (PARMINE), dicycloverine (BENTYL, BYCLOMINE, DIBENT,DILOMINE), tolterodine (DETROL), oxybutynin (DITROPAN, LYRINEL XL,OXYTROL), penthienate bromide, propantheline (PRO-BANTHINE), cyclizine,imipramine hydrochloride (TOFRANIL), imipramine maleate (SURMONTIL),lofepramine, desipramine (NORPRAMIN), doxepin (SINEQUAN, ZONALON),trimipramine (SURMONTIL), and glycopyrrolate (ROBINUL);

(viii) anticonvulsants, such as carbamazepine (TEGRETOL, CARBATROL),oxcarbazepine (TRILEPTAL), phenytoin sodium (PHENYTEK), fosphenytoin(CEREBYX, PRODILANTIN), divalproex sodium (DEPAKOTE), gabapentin(NEURONTIN), pregabalin (LYRICA), topirimate (TOPAMAX), valproic acid(DEPAKENE), valproate sodium (DEPACON), 1-benzyl-5-bromouracil,progabide, beclamide, zonisamide (TRERIEF, EXCEGRAN), CP-465022,retigabine, talampanel, and primidone (MYSOLINE);

(ix) antipsychotics, such as lurasidone (LATUDA, also known as SM-13496;Dainippon Sumitomo), aripiprazole (ABILIFY), chlorpromazine (THORAZINE),haloperidol (HALDOL), iloperidone (FANAPTA), flupentixol decanoate(DEPIXOL, FLUANXOL), reserpine (SERPLAN), pimozide (ORAP), fluphenazinedecanoate, fluphenazine hydrochloride, prochlorperazine (COMPRO),asenapine (SAPHRIS), loxapine (LOXITANE), molindone (MOBAN),perphenazine, thioridazine, thiothixine, trifluoperazine (STELAZINE),ramelteon, clozapine (CLOZARIL), norclozapine (ACP-104), risperidone(RISPERDAL), paliperidone (INVEGA), melperone, olanzapine (ZYPREXA),quetiapine (SEROQUEL), talnetant, amisulpride, ziprasidone (GEODON),blonanserin (LONASEN), and ACP-103 (Acadia Pharmaceuticals);

(x) calcium channel blockers such as lomerizine, ziconotide, nilvadipine(ESCOR, NIVADIL), diperdipine, amlodipine (NORVASC, ISTIN, AMLODIN),felodipine (PLENDIL), nicardipine (CARDENE), nifedipine (ADALAT,PROCARDIA), MEM 1003 and its parent compound nimodipine (NIMOTOP),nisoldipine (SULAR), nitrendipine, lacidipine (LACIPIL, MOTENS),lercanidipine (ZANIDIP), lifarizine, diltiazem (CARDIZEM), verapamil(CALAN, VERELAN), AR-R 18565 (AstraZeneca), and enecadin;

(xi) catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, such as nitecapone,tolcapone (TASMAR), entacapone (COMTAN), and tropolone;

(xii) central nervous system stimulants, such as atomoxetine,reboxetine, yohimbine, caffeine, phenmetrazine, phendimetrazine,pemoline, fencamfamine (GLUCOENERGAN, REACTIVAN), fenethylline(CAPTAGON), pipradol (MERETRAN), deanol (also known asdimethylaminoethanol), methylphenidate (DAYTRANA), methylphenidatehydrochloride (RITALIN), dexmethylphenidate (FOCALIN), amphetamine(alone or in combination with other CNS stimulants, e.g., ADDERALL(amphetamine aspartate, amphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetaminesaccharate, and dextroamphetamine sulfate)), dextroamphetamine sulfate(DEXEDRINE, DEXTROSTAT), methamphetamine (DESOXYN), lisdexamfetamine(VYVANSE), and benzphetamine (DIDREX);

(xiii) corticosteroids, such as prednisone (STERAPRED, DELTASONE),prednisolone (PRELONE), predisolone acetate (OMNIPRED, PRED MILD, PREDFORTE), prednisolone sodum phosphate (ORAPRED ODT), methylprednisolone(MEDROL); methylprednisolone acetate (DEPO-MEDROL), andmethylprednisolone sodium succinate (A-METHAPRED, SOLU-MEDROL);

(xiv) dopamine receptor agonists, such as apomorphine (APOKYN),bromocriptine (PARLODEL), cabergoline (DOSTINEX), dihydrexidine,dihydroergocryptine, fenoldopam (CORLOPAM), lisuride (DOPERGIN),terguride spergolide (PERMAX), piribedil (TRIVASTAL, TRASTAL),pramipexole (MIRAPEX), quinpirole, ropinirole (REQUIP), rotigotine(NEUPRO), SKF-82958 (GlaxoSmithKline), cariprazine, pardoprunox andsarizotan;

(xv) dopamine receptor antagonists, such as chlorpromazine,fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxzpine, resperidone, thioridazine,thiothixene, trifluoperazine, tetrabenazine (NITOMAN, XENAZINE),7-hydroxyamoxapine, droperidol (INAPSINE, DRIDOL, DROPLETAN),domperidone (MOTILIUM), L-741742, L-745870, raclopride, SB-277011A,SCH-23390, ecopipam, SKF-83566, and metoclopramide (REGLAN);

(xvi) dopamine reuptake inhibitors such as bupropion, safinamide,nomifensine maleate (MERITAL), vanoxerine (also known as GBR-12909) andits decanoate ester DBL-583, and amineptine;

(xvii) gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists, such asbaclofen (LIORESAL, KEMSTRO), siclofen, pentobarbital (NEMBUTAL),progabide (GABRENE), and clomethiazole;

(xviii) histamine 3 (H3) antagonists such as ciproxifan, tiprolisant,S-38093, irdabisant, pitolisant, GSK-239512, GSK-207040, JNJ-5207852,JNJ-17216498, HPP-404, SAR-110894,trans-3-fluoro-3-(3-fluoro-4-pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl-phenyl)-cyclobutanecarboxylic acid ethylamide (PF-3654746 and those disclosed in US PatentPublication Nos US2005-0043354, US2005-0267095, US2005-0256135,US2008-0096955, US2007-1079175, and US2008-0176925; International PatentPublication Nos WO2006/136924, WO2007/063385, WO2007/069053,WO2007/088450, WO2007/099423, WO2007/105053, WO2007/138431, andWO2007/088462; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,115,600);

(xix) immunomodulators such as glatiramer acetate (also known ascopolymer-1; COPAXONE), MBP-8298 (synthetic myelin basic proteinpeptide), dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod (also known as FTY720),roquinimex (LINOMIDE), laquinimod (also known as ABR-215062 andSAIK-MS), ABT-874 (human anti-IL-12 antibody; Abbott), rituximab(RITUXAN), leflunomide, ciclesonide, alemtuzumab (CAMPATH), daclizumab(ZENAPAX), and natalizumab (TYSABRI);

(xx) immunosuppressants such as methotrexate (TREXALL, RHEUMATREX),mitoxantrone (NOVANTRONE), teriflunomide, suplatast tosilate,mycophenolate mofetil (CELLCEPT), mycophenolate sodium (MYFORTIC),azathioprine (AZASAN, IMURAN), mercaptopurine (PURI-NETHOL),cyclophosphamide (NEOSAR, CYTOXAN), voclosporin, PUR-118, AMG 357, AMG811, BCT197, chlorambucil (LEUKERAN), cladribine (LEUSTATIN, MYLINAX),alpha-fetoprotein, etanercept (ENBREL), leflunomide, ciclesonidechloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, d-penicillamine, auranofin,sulfasalazine, sodium aurothiomalate, cyclosporine, cromolyn,infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, golimumab, rituximab,ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, and4-benzyloxy-5-((5-undecyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)-2,2′-bi-1H-pyrrole(also known as PNU-156804);

(xxi) interferons, including interferon beta-1a (AVONEX, REBIF) andinterferon beta-1b (BETASERON, BETAFERON);

(xxii) levodopa (or its methyl or ethyl ester), alone or in combinationwith a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor (e.g., carbidopa (SINEMET, CARBILEV,PARCOPA), benserazide (MADOPAR), α-methyldopa, monofluromethyldopa,difluoromethyldopa, brocresine, or m-hydroxybenzylhydrazine);

(xxiii)N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, such asmemantine (NAMENDA, AXURA, EBIXA), amantadine (SYMMETREL), acamprosate(CAMPRAL), besonprodil, ketamine (KETALAR), delucemine, dexanabinol,dexefaroxan, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, traxoprodil, CP-283097,himantane, idantadol, ipenoxazone, L-701252 (Merck), lancicemine,levorphanol (DROMORAN), LY-233536 and LY-235959 (both Lilly), methadone,(DOLOPHINE), neramexane, perzinfotel, phencyclidine, tianeptine(STABLON), dizocilpine (also known as MK-801), EAB-318 (Wyeth),ibogaine, voacangine, tiletamine, riluzole (RILUTEK), aptiganel(CERESOTAT), gavestinel, and remacimide;

(xxiv) monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, such as selegiline (EMSAM),selegiline hydrochloride (I-deprenyl, ELDEPRYL, ZELAPAR),dimethylselegilene, brofaromine, phenelzine (NARDIL), tranylcypromine(PARNATE), moclobemide (AURORIX, MANERIX), befloxatone, safinamide,isocarboxazid (MARPLAN), nialamide (NIAMID), rasagiline (AZILECT),iproniazide (MARSILID, IPROZID, IPRONID), CHF-3381 (ChiesiFarmaceutici), iproclozide, toloxatone (HUMORYL, PERENUM), bifemelane,desoxypeganine, harmine (also known as telepathine or banasterine),harmaline, linezolid (ZYVOX, ZYVOXID), and pargyline (EUDATIN,SUPIRDYL);

(xxv) muscarinic receptor (particularly M1 subtype) agonists, such ascevimeline, levetiracetam, bethanechol chloride (DUVOID, URECHOLINE),itameline, pilocarpine (SALAGEN), NGX267, arecoline, L-687306 (Merck),L-689660 (Merck), furtrethonium iodide (FURAMON, FURANOL), furtrethoniumbenzensulfonate, furtrethonium p-toluenesulfonate, McN-A-343,oxotremorine, sabcomeline, AC-90222 (Acadia Pharmaceuticals), andcarbachol (CARBASTAT, MIOSTAT, CARBOPTIC);

(xxvi) neuroprotective drugs such as bosutinib, condoliase, airmoclomol,lamotrigine, perampanel, aniracetam, minaprime, viluzole2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-3-one oxime, desmoteplase, anatibant,astaxanthin, neuropeptide NAP (e.g., AL-108 and AL-208; both AllonTherapeutics), neurostrol, perampenel, ispronicline,bis(4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl)-2-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2-isobutyltartrate(also known as dactylorhin B or DHB), formobactin, xaliproden (XAPRILA),lactacystin, dimeboline hydrochloride (DIMEBON), disufenton (CEROVIVE),arundic acid (ONO-2506, PROGLIA, CEREACT), citicoline (also known ascytidine 5′-diphosphocholine), edaravone (RADICUT), AEOL-10113 andAEOL-10150 (both Aeolus Pharmaceuticals), AGY-94806 (also known asSA-450 and Msc-1), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (also known asAX-200), BAY-38-7271 (also known as KN-387271; Bayer AG), ancrod(VIPRINEX, ARWIN), DP-b99 (D-Pharm Ltd), HF-0220(17-ß-hydroxyepiandrosterone; Newron Pharmaceuticals), HF-0420 (alsoknown as oligotropin), pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (also known as MC-1),microplasmin, S-18986, piclozotan, NP031112, tacrolimus,L-seryl-L-methionyl-L-alanyl-L-lysyl-L-glutamyl-glycyl-L-valine,AC-184897 (Acadia Pharmaceuticals), ADNF-14 (National Institutes ofHealth), stilbazulenyl nitrone, SUN-N8075 (Daiichi Suntory BiomedicalResearch), and zonampanel;

(xxvii) nicotinic receptor agonists, such as epibatidine, bupropion,CP-601927, varenicline, ABT-089 (Abbott), ABT-594, AZD-0328(AstraZeneca), EVP-6124, R3487 (also known as MEM3454; Roche/MemoryPharmaceuticals), R4996 (also known as MEM63908; Roche/MemoryPharmaceuticals), TC-4959 and TC-5619 (both Targacept), and RJR-2403;

(xxviii) norepinephrine (noradrenaline) reuptake inhibitors, such asatomoxetine (STRATTERA), doxepin (APONAL, ADAPIN, SINEQUAN),nortriptyline (AVENTYL, PAMELOR, NORTRILEN), amoxapine (ASENDIN,DEMOLOX, MOXIDIL), reboxetine (EDRONAX, VESTRA), viloxazine (VIVALAN),maprotiline (DEPRILEPT, LUDIOMIL, PSYMION), bupropion (WELLBUTRIN), andradaxafine;

(xxix) phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, including but not limited to,(a) PDE1 inhibitors (e.g., vinpocetine (CAVINTON, CERACTIN, INTELECTOL)and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,742, (b) PDE2 inhibitors(e.g., erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA), BAY 60-7550, andthose described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,884), (c) PDE3 inhibitors (e.g.,anagrelide, cilostazol, milrinone, olprinone, parogrelil, andpimobendan), (d) PDE4 inhibitors (e.g., apremilast,ibudilastroflumilast, rolipram, Ro 20-1724, ibudilast (KETAS),piclamilast (also known as RP73401), CDP840, cilomilast (ARIFLO),roflumilast, tofimilast, oglemilast (also known as GRC 3886), tetomilast(also known as OPC-6535), lirimifast, theophylline (UNIPHYL, THEOLAIR),arofylline (also known as LAS-31025), doxofylline, RPR-122818, ormesembrine), and (e) PDES inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil (VIAGRA,REVATIO), tadalafil (CIALIS), vardenafil (LEVITRA, VIVANZA), udenafil,avanafil, dipyridamole (PERSANTINE), E-4010, E-4021, E-8010, zaprinast,iodenafil, mirodenafil, DA-8159, and those disclosed in InternationalPatent Applications WO2002/020521, WO2005/049616, WO2006/120552,WO2006/126081, WO2006/126082, WO2006/126083, and WO2007/122466), (f)PDE7 inhibitors; (g) PDE8 inhibitors; (h) PDE9 inhibitors (e.g., BAY73-6691 (Bayer AG) and those disclosed in US Patent Publication NosUS2003/0195205, US2004/0220186, U52006/0111372, US2006/0106035, and U.S.Ser. No. 12/118,062 (filed May 9, 2008)), (i) PDE10 inhibitor such as2-[4-(1-Methyl-4-pyridin-4-yl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenoxymethyl]quinoline(PF-2545920), and SCH-1518291; and (j) PDE11 inhibitors;

(xxx) quinolines, such as quinine (including its hydrochloride,dihydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate and gluconate salts), chloroquine,sontoquine, hydroxychloroquine (PLAQUENIL), mefloquine (LARIAM), andamodiaquine (CAMOQUIN, FLAVOQUINE);

(xxxi) ß-secretase inhibitors, such as ASP-1702, SCH-745966, JNJ-715754,AMG-0683, AZ-12304146, BMS-782450, GSK-188909, NB-533, LY-2886721,E-2609, HPP-854, (+)-phenserine tartrate (POSIPHEN), LSN-2434074 (alsoknown as LY-2434074), KMI-574, SCH-745966, Ac-rER(N²-acetyl-D-arginyl-L-arginine), loxistatin (also known as E64d), andCA074Me;

(xxxii) γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators, such as BMS-708163(Avagacest), WO20060430064 (Merck), DSP8658 (Dainippon), ITI-009,L-685458 (Merck), ELAN-G, ELAN-Z,4-chloro-N-[2-ethyl-1(S)-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]benzenesulfonamide;

(xxxiii) serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 1A (5-HT_(1A)) receptorantagonists, such as spiperone, levo-pindolol, BMY 7378, NAD-299,S(−)-UH-301, NAN 190, lecozotan;

(xxxiv) serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 2C (5-HT2c) receptor agonists,such as vabicaserin, and zicronapine;

(xxxv) serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 4 (5-HT₄) receptor agonists, suchas PRX-03140 (Epix);

(xxxvi) serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 6 (5-HT₆) receptor antagonists,such as A-964324, AVI-101, AVN-211, mianserin (TORVOL, BOLVIDON,NORVAL), methiothepin (also known as metitepine), ritanserin, ALX-1161,ALX-1175, MS-245, LY-483518 (also known as SGS518; Lilly), MS-245, Ro04-6790, Ro 43-68544, Ro 63-0563, Ro 65-7199, Ro 65-7674, SB-399885,SB-214111, SB-258510, SB-271046, SB-357134, SB-699929, SB-271046,SB-742457 (GlaxoSmithKline), Lu AE58054 (Lundbeck A/S), and PRX-07034(Epix);

(xxxvii) serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors such as alaproclate,citalopram (CELEXA, CIPRAMIL), escitalopram (LEXAPRO, CIPRALEX),clomipramine (ANAFRANIL), duloxetine (CYMBALTA), femoxetine (MALEXIL),fenfluramine (PONDIMIN), norfenfluramine, fluoxetine (PROZAC),fluvoxamine (LUVOX), indalpine, milnacipran (IXEL), paroxetine (PAXIL,SEROXAT), sertraline (ZOLOFT, LUSTRAL), trazodone (DESYREL, MOLIPAXIN),venlafaxine (EFFEXOR), zimelidine (NORMUD, ZELMID), bicifadine,desvenlafaxine (PRISTIQ), brasofensine, vilazodone, cariprazine,neuralstem and tesofensine;

(xxxviii) trophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), basicfibroblast growth factor (bFGF; ERSOFERMIN), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3),cardiotrophin-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neublastin,meteorin, and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and agents thatstimulate production of trophic factors, such as propentofylline,idebenone, PYM50028 (COGANE; Phytopharm), and AIT-082 (NEOTROFIN);

(xxxix) Glycine transporter-1 inhibitors such as paliflutine, ORG-25935,JNJ-17305600, and ORG-26041;

(xl) AMPA-type glutamate receptor modulators such as perampanel,mibampator, selurampanel, GSK-729327,N-{(3S,4S)-4-[4-(5-cyanothiophen-2-yl)phenoxy]tetrahydro-furan-3-yl}propane-2-sulfonamide,and the like.

(xli) Janus kinase inhibitors (JAK) such as, but not limited to,tofacitinib, ruxolitinib, baricitinib, CYT387, GLPG0634, lestaurtinib,pacritinib, and TG101348.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a compound of Formula Imay be co-administered with an anti-obesity agent where the anti-obesityagent is selected from the group consisting of gut-selective MTPinhibitors (e.g., dirlotapide, mitratapide and implitapide, R56918 (CASNo. 403987) and CAS No. 913541-47-6), CCKa agonists (e.g.,N-benzyl-2-[4-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-2,3,6,10b-tetraaza-benzo[e]azulen-6-yl]-N-isopropyl-acetamidedescribed in PCT Publication No. WO 2005/116034 or US Publication No.2005-0267100 A1), 5HT2c agonists (e.g., lorcaserin), MCR4 agonist (e.g.,compounds described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,818,658), lipase inhibitor (e.g.,Cetilistat), PYY₃₋₃₆ (as used herein “PYY₃₋₃₆” includes analogs, such aspeglated PYY₃₋₃₆ e.g., those described in US Publication 2006/0178501),opioid antagonists (e.g., naltrexone), the combination of naltrexonewith buproprion, oleoyl-estrone (CAS No. 180003-17-2), obinepitide(TM30338), pramlintide (Symlin®), tesofensine (NS2330), leptin,liraglutide, bromocriptine, orlistat, exenatide (Byetta®), AOD-9604 (CASNo. 221231-10-3) and sibutramine.

Other anti-obesity agents include 11β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase-1(11β-HSD type 1) inhibitors, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1)inhibitor, cholecystokinin-A (CCK-A) agonists, monoamine reuptakeinhibitors (such as sibutramine), sympathomimetic agents, β₃ adrenergicagonists, dopamine agonists (such as bromocriptine),melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogs, melanin concentrating hormoneantagonists, leptin (the OB protein), leptin analogs, leptin agonists,galanin antagonists, lipase inhibitors (such as tetrahydrolipstatin,i.e. orlistat), anorectic agents (such as a bombesin agonist),neuropeptide-Y antagonists (e.g., NPY Y5 antagonists), thyromimeticagents, dehydroepiandrosterone or an analog thereof, glucocorticoidagonists or antagonists, orexin antagonists, glucagon-like peptide-1agonists, ciliary neurotrophic factors (such as Axokine™ available fromRegeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, N.Y. and Procter & GambleCompany, Cincinnati, Ohio), human agouti-related protein (AGRP)inhibitors, ghrelin antagonists, histamine 3 antagonists or inverseagonists, neuromedin U agonists, MTP/ApoB inhibitors (e.g.,gut-selective MTP inhibitors, such as dirlotapide), opioid antagonist,orexin antagonist, the combination of naltrexone with buproprion and thelike.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a compound of Formula Imay be co-administered with an anti-diabetic agent, where theanti-diabetic agent is selected from the group consisting of anacetyl-CoA carboxylase- (ACC) inhibitor such as those described inWO2009144554, WO2003072197, WO2009144555 and WO2008065508, adiacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT-1) inhibitor, such as thosedescribed in WO09016462 or WO2010086820, AZD7687 or LCQ908,monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase inhibitors, a phosphodiesterase(PDE)-10 inhibitor, an AMPK activator, a sulfonylurea (e.g.,acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, diabinese, glibenclamide, glipizide,glyburide, glimepiride, gliclazide, glipentide, gliquidone, glisolamide,tolazamide, and tolbutamide), a meglitinide, an α-amylase inhibitor(e.g., tendamistat, trestatin and AL-3688), an α-glucoside hydrolaseinhibitor (e.g., acarbose), an α-glucosidase inhibitor (e.g., adiposine,camiglibose, emiglitate, miglitol, voglibose, pradimicin-Q, andsalbostatin), a PPARy agonist (e.g., balaglitazone, ciglitazone,darglitazone, englitazone, isaglitazone, pioglitazone androsiglitazone), a PPAR α/γ agonist (e.g., CLX-0940, GW-1536, GW-1929,GW-2433, KRP-297, L-796449, LR-90, MK-0767 and SB-219994), a biguanide(e.g., metformin), a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) modulator such asan agonist (e.g., exendin-3, exendin-4, ZYOG-1 and TTP273), liraglutide(Victoza®), albiglutide, exenatide (Byetta®, Bydureon®), albiglutide,lixisenatide, dulaglutide, semaglutide (NN-9924), TTP-054, a proteintyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) inhibitor (e.g., trodusquemine,hyrtiosal extract, and compounds disclosed by Zhang, S., et al., DrugDiscovery Today, 12(9/10), 373-381 (2007)), SIRT-1 activator (e.g.,resveratrol, GSK2245840 or GSK184072), a dipeptidyl peptidease IV(DPP-IV) inhibitor (e.g., those in WO2005116014, sitagliptin,vildagliptin, alogliptin, dutogliptin, linagliptin and saxagliptin), aninsulin secreatagogue, a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor, an A2antagonist, a c-jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, glucokinaseactivators (GKa) such as those described in WO2010103437, WO2010103438,WO2010013161, WO2007122482, TTP-399, TTP-355, TTP-547, AZD1656, ARRY403,MK-0599, TAK-329, AZD5658 or GKM-001, insulin, an insulin mimetic, aglycogen phosphorylase inhibitor (e.g. GSK1362885), a VPAC2 receptoragonist, SGLT2 inhibitors, such as those described in E. C. Chao et al.Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 9, 551-559 (July 2010) includingdapagliflozin, canagliflozin, empagliflozin, tofogliflozin (CSG452),ASP-1941, THR1474, TS-071, ISIS388626 and LX4211 as well as those inWO2010023594, a glucagon receptor modulator such as those described inDemong, D. E. et al. Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry 2008, 43,119-137, GPR119 modulators, particularly agonists, such as thosedescribed in WO2010140092, WO2010128425, WO2010128414, WO2010106457,Jones, R. M. et al. in Medicinal Chemistry 2009, 44, 149-170 (e.g.MBX-2982, GSK1292263, APD597 and PSN821), FGF21 derivatives or analogssuch as those described in Kharitonenkov, A. et al. et al., CurrentOpinion in Investigational Drugs 2009, 10(4)359-364, TGR5 (also termedGPBAR1) receptor modulators, particularly agonists, such as thosedescribed in Zhong, M., Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2010,10(4), 386-396 and INT777, GPR40 agonists, such as those described inMedina, J. C., Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, 2008, 43, 75-85,including but not limited to TAK-875, GPR120 modulators, particularlyagonists, high affinity nicotinic acid receptor (HM74A) activators, andSGLT1 inhibitors, such as GSK1614235, listing of anti-diabetic agentsfound at page 28, line 35 through page 30, line 19 of WO2011005611,inhibitors or modulators of carnitine palmitoyl transferase enzymes,inhibitors of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase, inhibitors of aldosereductase, mineralocorticoid receptor inhibitors, inhibitors of TORC2,inhibitors of CCR2 and/or CCR5, inhibitors of PKC isoforms (e.g. PKCα,PKCβ1, PKCβ2, etc. . . . ), inhibitors of fatty acid synthetase,inhibitors of serine palmitoyl transferase, modulators of GPR81, GPR39,GPR43, GPR41, GPR105, Kv1.3, retinol binding protein 4, glucocorticoidreceptor, somatostain receptors (e.g. SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3 and SSTR5),inhibitors or modulators of PDHK2 or PDHK4, inhibitors of MAP4K4,modulators of IL1 family including IL1beta, modulators of RXRalpha,suitable anti-diabetic agents include mechanisms listed by Carpino, P.A., Goodwin, B. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat, 2010, 20(12), 1627-51.

Preferred anti-diabetic agents are metformin and DPP-IV inhibitors(e.g., sitagliptin, vildagliptin, alogliptin, dutogliptin, linagliptinand saxagliptin). Other antidiabetic agents could include inhibitors ormodulators of carnitine palmitoyl transferase enzymes, inhibitors offructose 1,6-diphosphatase, inhibitors of aldose reductase,mineralocorticoid receptor inhibitors, inhibitors of TORC2, inhibitorsof CCR2 and/or CCR5, inhibitors of PKC isoforms (e.g. PKCα, PKCβ, PKCγ),inhibitors of fatty acid synthetase, inhibitors of serine palmitoyltransferase, modulators of GPR81, GPR39, GPR43, GPR41, GPR105, Kv1.3,retinol binding protein 4, glucocorticoid receptor, somatostainreceptors (e.g. SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3 and SSTR5), inhibitors or modulatorsof PDHK2 or PDHK4, inhibitors of MAP4K4, modulators of IL1 familyincluding IL1beta, modulators of RXRalpha.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a compound of Formula Imay be co-administered with a cholesterol/lipid modulating agent, wherethe cholesterol/lipid modulating agent is selected from the groupconsisting of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g., pravastatin,lovastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, NK-104 (a.k.a.itavastatin, or nisvastatin or nisbastatin) and ZD-4522 (a.k.a.rosuvastatin, or atavastatin or visastatin)); HMG-CoA reductase geneexpression inhibitor; squalene synthetase inhibitors; a squaleneepoxidase inhibitor; a squalene cyclase inhibitor; a combined squaleneepoxidase/squalene cyclase inhibitor a CETP inhibitor; fibrates; niacin,an ion-exchange resin, an antioxidant; bile acid sequestrants (such asquestran); ACAT inhibitors; MTP/APO β secretion inhibitors;lipooxygenase inhibitors; cholesterol absorption inhibitors; cholesterylester transfer protein inhibitors; an agent such as mipomersen; and oratherosclerotic agents including PCSK9 modulators.

In another embodiment, a compound of Formula I may be co-administeredwith agents for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)and/or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), such as Orlistat, TZDsand other insulin sensitizing agents, FGF21 analogs, Metformin,Omega-3-acid ethyl esters (e.g. Lovaza), Fibrates, HMG CoA-reductaseInhibitors, Ezitimbe, Probucol, Ursodeoxycholic acid, TGR5 agonists, FXRagonists, Vitamin E, Betaine, Pentoxifylline, CB1 antagonists,Carnitine, N-acetylcysteine, Reduced glutathione, lorcaserin, thecombination of naltrexone with buproprion, SGLT2 Inhibitors,Phentermine, Topiramate, Incretin (GLP and GIP) analogs andAngiotensin-receptor blockers.

Additional therapeutic agents include anti-coagulant or coagulationinhibitory agents, anti-platelet or platelet inhibitory agents, thrombininhibitors, thrombolytic or fibrinolytic agents, anti-arrythmic agents,anti-hypertensive agents, calcium channel blockers (L-type and T-type),cardiac glycosides, diruetics, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists,NO donating agents such as organonitrates, NO promoting agents such asphosphodiesterase inhibitors, cholesterol/lipid lowering agents andlipid profile therapies, anti-diabetic agents, anti-depressants,anti-inflammatory agents (steroidal and non-steroidal),anti-osteoporosis agents, hormone replacement therapies, oralcontraceptives, anti-obesity agents, anti-anxiety agents,anti-proliferative agents, anti-tumor agents, anti-ulcer andgastroesophageal reflux disease agents, growth hormone and/or growthhormone secretagogues, thyroid mimetics (including thyroid hormonereceptor antagonist), anti-infective agents, anti-viral agents,anti-bacterial agents, and anti-fungal agents. Examples of suitablemineralocorticoid receptor antagonists include sprionolactone andeplerenone.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the compounds of thisinvention may also be used in conjunction with other cardiovascular orcerebrovascular treatments including PCI, stenting, drug eluting stents,stem cell therapy and medical devices, such as implanted pacemakers,defibrillators, or cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Agents used in an ICU setting are included, for example, dobutamine,dopamine, dpinephrine, nitroglycerin, nitroprusside etc.

Combination agents useful for treating vasculitis are included, forexample, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate, mofetil,rituximab etc.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a combinationwherein the second agent is at least one agent selected from a factor Xainhibitor, an anti-coagulant agent, an anti-platelet agent, a thrombininhibiting agent, a thrombolytic agent, and a fibrinolytic agent.Exemplary factor Xa inhibitors include apixaban and rivaroxaban.Examples of suitable anti-coagulants for use in combination with thecompounds of the present invention include heparins (e.g., unfractionedand low molecular weight heparins such as enoxaparin and dalteparin).

In another preferred embodiment the second agent is at least one agentselected from warfarin, dabigatran, unfractionated heparin, lowmolecular weight heparin, synthetic pentasaccharide, hirudin,argatrobanas, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, sulindac, indomethacin,mefenamate, droxicam, diclofenac, sulfinpyrazone, piroxicam,ticlopidine, clopidogrel, tirofiban, eptifibatide, abciximab,melagatran, disulfatohirudin, tissue plasminogen activator, modifiedtissue plasminogen activator, anistreplase, urokinase, andstreptokinase.

A preferred second agent is at least one anti-platelet agent. Especiallypreferred anti-platelet agents are aspirin and clopidogrel.

The term anti-platelet agents (or platelet inhibitory agents), as usedherein, denotes agents that inhibit platelet function, for example byinhibiting the aggregation, adhesion or granular secretion of platelets.Agents include, but are not limited to, the various known non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen,sulindac, indomethacin, mefenamate, droxicam, diclofenac,sulfinpyrazone, piroxicam, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts orprodrugs thereof. Of the NSAIDS, aspirin (acetylsalicyclic acid or ASA)and COX-2 inhibitors such as CELEBREX or piroxicam are preferred. Othersuitable platelet inhibitory agents include IIb/IIIa antagonists (e.g.,tirofiban, eptifibatide, and abciximab), thromboxane-A2-receptorantagonists (e.g., ifetroban), thromboxane-A2-synthetase inhibitors,PDE-III inhibitors (e.g., Pletal, dipyridamole), and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts or prodrugs thereof.

The term anti-platelet agents (or platelet inhibitory agents), as usedherein, is also intended to include ADP (adenosine diphosphate) receptorantagonists, preferably antagonists of the purinergic receptors P₂Y₁ andP₂Y₁₂, with P₂Y₁₂ being even more preferred. Preferred P₂Y₁₂ receptorantagonists include ticagrelor, prasugrel, ticlopidine and clopidogrel,including pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof.Clopidogrel is an even more preferred agent. Ticlopidine and clopidogrelare also preferred compounds since they are known to be gentle on thegastro-intestinal tract in use.

The term thrombin inhibitors (or anti-thrombin agents), as used herein,denotes inhibitors of the serine protease thrombin. By inhibitingthrombin, various thrombin-mediated processes, such as thrombin-mediatedplatelet activation (that is, for example, the aggregation of platelets,and/or the granular secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1and/or serotonin) and/or fibrin formation are disrupted. A number ofthrombin inhibitors are known to one of skill in the art and theseinhibitors are contemplated to be used in combination with the presentcompounds. Such inhibitors include, but are not limited to, boroargininederivatives, boropeptides, dabigatran, heparins, hirudin, argatroban,and melagatran, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugsthereof. Boroarginine derivatives and boropeptides include N-acetyl andpeptide derivatives of boronic acid, such as C-terminalalpha-aminoboronic acid derivatives of lysine, ornithine, arginine,homoarginine and corresponding isothiouronium analogs thereof. The termhirudin, as used herein, includes suitable derivatives or analogs ofhirudin, referred to herein as hirulogs, such as disulfatohirudin. Theterm thrombolytics or fibrinolytic agents (or thrombolytics orfibrinolytics), as used herein, denote agents that lyse blood clots(thrombi). Such agents include tissue plasminogen activator (natural orrecombinant) and modified forms thereof, anistreplase, urokinase,streptokinase, tenecteplase (TNK), lanoteplase (nPA), factor Vilainhibitors, PAI-1 inhibitors (i.e., inactivators of tissue plasminogenactivator inhibitors), alpha2-antiplasmin inhibitors, and anisoylatedplasminogen streptokinase activator complex, including pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts or prodrugs thereof. The term anistreplase, as usedherein, refers to anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activatorcomplex, as described, for example, in EP 028,489, the disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated herein by reference herein. The termurokinase, as used herein, is intended to denote both dual and singlechain urokinase, the latter also being referred to herein asprourokinase.

Examples of suitable anti-arrythmic agents include: Class I agents (suchas propafenone); Class II agents (such as metoprolol, atenolol,carvadiol and propranolol); Class III agents (such as sotalol,dofetilide, amiodarone, azimilide and ibutilide); Class IV agents (suchas ditiazem and verapamil); K⁺ channel openers such as I_(Ach)inhibitors, and I_(Kur) inhibitors (e.g., compounds such as thosedisclosed in WO01/40231).

The compounds of the present invention may be used in combination withantihypertensive agents and such antihypertensive activity is readilydetermined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays(e.g., blood pressure measurements). Examples of suitableanti-hypertensive agents include: alpha adrenergic blockers; betaadrenergic blockers; calcium channel blockers (e.g., diltiazem,verapamil, nifedipine and amlodipine); vasodilators (e.g., hydralazine),diruetics (e.g., chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, flumethiazide,hydroflumethiazide, bendroflumethiazide, methylchlorothiazide,trichloromethiazide, polythiazide, benzthiazide, ethacrynic acidtricrynafen, chlorthalidone, torsemide, furosemide, musolimine,bumetanide, triamtrenene, am iloride, spironolactone); renin inhibitors;ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril, zofenopril, fosinopril, enalapril,ceranopril, cilazopril, delapril, pentopril, quinapril, ramipril,lisinopril); AT-1 receptor antagonists (e.g., losartan, irbesartan,valsartan); ET receptor antagonists (e.g., sitaxsentan, atrsentan andcompounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,612,359 and 6,043,265); DualET/All antagonist (e.g., compounds disclosed in WO 00/01389); neutralendopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors; vasopepsidase inhibitors (dual NEP-ACEinhibitors) (e.g., gemopatrilat and nitrates). An exemplary antianginalagent is ivabradine.

Examples of suitable calcium channel blockers (L-type or T-type) includediltiazem, verapamil, nifedipine and amlodipine and mybefradil.

Examples of suitable cardiac glycosides include digitalis and ouabain.

In one embodiment, a Formula I compound may be co-administered with oneor more diuretics. Examples of suitable diuretics include (a) loopdiuretics such as furosemide (such as LASIX™), torsemide (such asDEMADEX™), bemetanide (such as BUMEX™), and ethacrynic acid (such asEDECRIN™); (b) thiazide-type diuretics such as chlorothiazide (such asDIURIL™, ESIDRIX™ or HYDRODIURIL™) hydrochlorothiazide (such asMICROZIDE™ or ORETIC™), benzthiazide, hydroflumethiazide (such asSALURON™), bendroflumethiazide, methychlorthiazide, polythiazide,trichlormethiazide, and indapamide (such as LOZOL™); (c)phthalimidine-type diuretics such as chlorthalidone (such as HYGROTON™),and metolazone (such as ZAROXOLYN™); (d) quinazoline-type diuretics suchas quinethazone; and (e) potassium-sparing diuretics such as triamterene(such as DYRENIUM™), and amiloride (such as MIDAMOR™ or MODURETIC™).

In another embodiment, a compound of Formula I may be co-administeredwith a loop diuretic. In still another embodiment, the loop diuretic isselected from furosemide and torsemide. In still another embodiment, oneor more compounds of Formula I may be co-administered with furosemide.In still another embodiment, one or more compounds of Formula I may beco-administered with torsemide which may optionally be a controlled ormodified release form of torsemide.

In another embodiment, a compound of Formula I may be co-administeredwith a thiazide-type diuretic. In still another embodiment, thethiazide-type diuretic is selected from the group consisting ofchlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide. In still another embodiment, oneor more compounds of Formula I may be co-administered withchlorothiazide. In still another embodiment, one or more compounds ofFormula I may be co-administered with hydrochlorothiazide.

In another embodiment, one or more compounds of Formula I may beco-administered with a phthalimidine-type diuretic. In still anotherembodiment, the phthalimidine-type diuretic is chlorthalidone.

In another embodiment, compounds of the present invention may also beco-administered together with:

Antidiarrheals, such as diphenoxylate (Lomotil) and loperamide(Imodium); Bile acid binding agents, such as cholestyramine, alosetron(Lotronex) and ubiprostone (Amitiza);

Laxatives, such as Milk of Magnesia, polyethylene glycol (MiraLax),Dulcolax, Correctol and Senokot, and anticholinergics or antispasmodicssuch as dicyclomine (Bentyl);

lymphocyte activation inhibitors, including but not limited to,abatacept:

Anti-IL1 treatments, including but not limited to, anakinra, rilonacept,canakinumab, gevokizumab, MABp1 and MEDI-8968;

Glucocorticoid receptor modulators that may be dosed orally, byinhalation, by injection, topically, rectally, by ocular delivery,including but not limited to, betamethasone, prednisone, hydrocortisone,prednisolone, flunisolide, triamcinoline acetonide, beclomethasone,dipropionate, budesonide, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide,mometasone furoate, fluocinonide, desoximetasone, methylprednisolone orPF-04171327;

Aminosalicyic acid derivatives, including but not limited to,sulfasalazine and mesalazine;Anti-α4 integrin agents, including but not limited to, natalizumab;

α1- or α2-adrenergic agonist agents including but not limited to:propylhexidrine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pseudoephedrine ornaphazoline hydrochloride, oxymetazoline hydrochloride, tetrahydrozolinehydrochloride, xylometazoline hydrochloride or ethylnorepinephrinehydrochloride;

α-adrenergic agonists, including but not limited to, metaproterenol,isoprotenerol, isoprenaline, albuterol, salbutamol, formoterol,salmeterol, terbutaline, orciprenaline, botolterol mesylate, pirbuterol;

Anticholinergic agents, including but not limited to, ipratropiumbromide, tiotropium bromide, oxitropium bromide, aclindinium bromide,glycopyrrolate, pirenzipine or telenzepine;

The present invention further comprises kits that are suitable for usein performing the methods of treatment described above. In oneembodiment, the kit contains a first dosage form comprising one or moreof the compounds of the present invention and a container for thedosage, in quantities sufficient to carry out the methods of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, the kit of the present invention comprises one ormore compounds of the invention.

The compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, may be prepared by a variety of methods that are analogouslyknown in the art. The reaction

Schemes described below, together with synthetic methods known in theart of organic chemistry, or modifications and derivatizations that arefamiliar to those of ordinary skill in the art, illustrate methods forpreparing the compounds. Others, including modifications thereof, willbe readily apparent to one skilled in the art.

The starting materials used herein are commercially available or may beprepared by routine methods known in the art (such as those methodsdisclosed in standard reference books such as the COMPENDIUM OF ORGANICSYNTHETIC METHODS, Vol. I-XII (published by Wiley-Interscience)).Preferred methods include, but are not limited to, those describedbelow.

During any of the following synthetic sequences, it may be necessaryand/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of themolecules concerned. This can be achieved by means of conventionalprotecting groups, such as those described in T. W. Greene, ProtectiveGroups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, 1981; T. W. Greene andP. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley &Sons, 1991; and T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups inOrganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, 1999; and T. W. Greene and P. G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons,2007, which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Compounds of the present invention or their pharmaceutically acceptablesalts of said compounds or tautomers and radioisotopes, can be preparedaccording to the reaction Schemes discussed herein below. Unlessotherwise indicated, the substituents in the Schemes are defined asabove. Isolation and purification of the products is accomplished bystandard procedures, which are known to a chemist of ordinary skill.

One skilled in the art will recognize that in some cases, the compoundsin Schemes 1 through 11 will be generated as a mixture of diastereomersand/or enantiomers; these may be separated at various stages of thesynthetic Scheme using conventional techniques or a combination of suchtechniques, such as, but not limited to, crystallization, normal-phasechromatography, reversed phase chromatography and chiral chromatography,to afford the single enantiomers of the invention.

It will be understood by one skilled in the art that the varioussymbols, superscripts and subscripts used in the Scheme, methods andexamples are used for convenience of representation and/or to reflectthe order in which they are introduced in the Scheme, and are notintended to necessarily correspond to the symbols, superscripts orsubscripts in the appended claims. The Schemes are representative ofmethods useful in synthesizing the compounds of the present invention.They are not to constrain the scope of the invention in any way.

Scheme 1 below illustrates one synthetic sequence for the preparation ofcompounds of Formula I, as depicted above, wherein A is a fusedoxygen-containing heterocycloalkyl, a fused phenyl or a fused heteroarylring; and the piperazinyl ring is saturated (bond between C₆ and C₇ is asingle bond).

The initial step in the synthesis, as depicted, utilizes heterocycles ofFormula 1 as an initial starting material. Heterocycles of Formula 1undergo alkylation via alkyl halides in the presence of base as a protonscavenger or via the alkyl alcohol under Mitsunobu conditions. Duringthe alkylation step, Z is represented by an appropriate leaving group,the R^(3a), R^(3b), R^(4a), R^(4b) substituents and n of Formula 2should be represented by the same moieties as desired in the finalproduct or protected variation thereof. For example, the final productof Example 2 can be prepared utilizing reaction Scheme 1, where theR^(3a), R^(3b), R^(4a), and R^(4b) substituents of Formula 2 are eachrepresented by hydrogen and n is 1.

The next step of the sequence is S_(N)2 displacement of a halide ofFormula II with an amine of Formula 3 in the presence of base as aproton scavenger, at temperature from room temperature to 60° C., toafford amines of Formula III. During the S_(N)2 reaction step, the R²substituent on the amine nucleophile of Formula 3 should be representedby the same moiety as is desired in the final product. For example, thefinal product of Example 2 can be prepared utilizing reaction Scheme 1,where R² of the amine nucleophile of Formula 3 is represented bycyclopropylamine.

In the next step, the tricyclic ring system of Formula IV can be formedvia intermolecular amine addition to the ethyl ester of Formula IIIunder a variety of conditions such as K₂CO₃ in acetonitrile (ACN),Mg(OMe)₂ in MeOH, or CaCl₂ in MeOH, at temperatures from roomtemperature to 80° C.

In the final step of Scheme 1, conversion of compounds of Formula IV tocompounds of Formula I can be accomplished via an electrophilicbromination followed by Suzuki coupling. The resulting bromide undergoesSuzuki coupling with boronic acids of Formula 4 in the presence of base,a metal catalyst (Pd, Ni, Cu), a phosphine ligand, at temperatures fromroom temperature to 100° C. to afford the desired ring system Formula I(see de Vries, J. G. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry 2012, 42, pg12-20 reference and references contained therein). During the Suzukicoupling, the R¹ substituent of the boronic acid of the Formula 4 shouldbe represented by the same moiety as is desired in the final product orprotected variation thereof. For example, the final product of Example 2mentioned above can be prepared utilizing reaction Scheme 1, where R¹ ofthe boronic acid of Formula 4 is represented by 4-chlorophenyl.

Scheme 2 below describes an alternate synthetic sequence for thepreparation of compounds of Formula I, wherein A is a fusedoxygen-containing heterocycloalkyl, a fused phenyl or a fused heteroarylring; and the piperazinyl ring is saturated (bond between C₆ and C₇ is asingle bond).

The initial step in the synthesis, as depicted, utilizes heterocycles ofFormula 1 as an initial starting material. The heterocycles of Formula 1undergo electrophilic brominiation followed by Suzuki coupling withboronic acids of Formula 4 in the presence of base, a metal catalyst(Pd, Ni, Cu), a phosphine ligand, at temperature from room temperatureto 100° C. to afford compounds of the Formula V. During the coupling,the R¹ substituent of the boronic acid of the Formula 4 should berepresented by the same moiety as is desired in the final product orprotected variation thereof.

Following the Suzuki coupling step, the compounds of Formula VI can beprepared via alkylation with silyl ether functionalized alkyl halides ofFormula 5 under standard conditions. During the alkylation step, theR^(3a), R^(3b), R^(4a), and R^(4b) substituents and n of Formula 5should be represented by the same moieties as desired in the finalproduct or protected variation thereof.

In the next step, the lactone of Formula VII can be generated by silyldeprotection and subsequent lactone formation of compounds of formula VIunder acidic conditions, at temperatures from room temperature to 100°C.

Following the alkylation step, the compounds of Formula VIII can begenerated by reduction of the lactone to the hemiacetal in the presenceof amines with Formula 3. During the course of the addition, the R²substituent of the amine of the Formula 3 should be represented by thesame moiety as is desired in the final product or protected variationthereof.

In the final step of Scheme 2, conversion of the compounds of FormulaVIII to the compounds of Formula I can be accomplished under standardMitsunobu conditions (see Mitsunobu, O. Synthesis 1981, 1, pg 1-28reference and references contained therein).

Scheme 3 below describes an alternate synthetic sequence for thepreparation of compounds of the Formula I, wherein A is a fusedoxygen-containing heterocycloalkyl, a fused phenyl or a fused heteroarylring; and the piperazinyl ring is saturated (bond between C₆ and C₇ is asingle bond).

The initial step in the synthesis, as depicted, utilizes compounds ofFormula V as an initial starting material. The compounds of Formula Vcan undergo direct conversion to the desired amide through variousconditions; some of which are described in the synthesis of Formula IVin Scheme 1. Alternatively, compounds depicted by Formula V can undergosaponification to generate carboxylic acids under acidic or basicconditions, at temperatures from room temperature to 80° C. which canthen be coupled with amines of Formula 3 in the presence of an amidecoupling or dehydrating agent, such as,2,4,6-Tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphinane 2,4,6-trioxide (T3P),O-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (HATU), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), etc., attemperatures ranging from −20° C. to 100° C. During the coupling, the R²substituent of the amine of the Formula 3 should be represented by thesame moiety as is desired in the final product or protected variationthereof.

In the final step of Scheme 3, the compounds of Formula IX can bealkylated by substituted bishalide of the Formula 6 in the presence of abase, at temperatures of 100° C. to generate compounds of formula I.During the alkylation step, the R^(3a), R^(3b), R^(4a), and R^(4b)substituents and n of Formula 6 should be represented by the samemoieties as desired in the final product or protected variation thereof.

Scheme 4 below describes a potential synthetic sequence for thepreparation of compounds of Formula Ia¹, which is a subset of Formula I,wherein A is a fused pyridinyl ring; and the piperazinyl ring issaturated (bond between C₆ and C₇ is a single bond).

The initial step in the synthesis, as depicted, utilizes2,3-dibromopyridine of Formula 7 as an initial starting material. The2,3-dibromopyridine of Formula 7 undergoes a metal-halogen exchange atthe 2 position in the presence of a lithium source such as TMSCH₂Li andLiDMEA followed by addition of the resulting anion to electrophiles suchas aldehydes of Formula 8, to afford alcohols of Formula X. During theanion addition step to the electrophile, the R¹ substituent of thealdehydes of the Formula 8 should be represented by the same moiety asis desired in the final product or protected variation thereof.

In the next step, compounds of Formula XI can be generated by oxidationof the alcohol of Formula X with standard oxidation conditions such asMnO₂, Swern oxidations, or Dess-Martin periodinanes.

In the final step of Scheme 4, conversion of compounds of Formula XI tocompounds of Formula Ia¹ is performed by metal catalyzed coupling.Formula XI undergoes metal-mediated Buchwald-Hartwig type coupling withsubstituted piperazine-2-ones of Formula 9 in the presence of base, ametal catalyst (Pd, Ni, Cu), a phosphine ligand, at temperatures fromroom temperature to 100° C. to afford Formula Ia^(l) (see Buchwald, S.L. et al. Current Organic Synthesis 2011, 8(1), pg 53-78 reference andreferences contained therein). During the metal-mediated coupling, theR², R^(3a), R^(3b), R^(4a), and R^(4b) substituents and n of thepiperazine-2-ones of Formula 9 should be represented by the samemoieties as is desired in the final product or protected variationthereof.

Scheme 5 below describes an alternate synthetic sequence for thepreparation of compounds of Formula Ia¹, which is a subset of Formula I,wherein A is a fused pyridinyl ring; and the piperazinyl ring issaturated (bond between C₆ and C₇ is a single bond).

The initial step in the synthesis, as depicted, utilizes2-bromo-3-halopyridine of Formula 10 as an initial starting material.The 2-bromo-3-halopyridine of Formula 10 undergoes metal catalyzedcoupling with substituted piperazine-2-ones of Formula 9 in the presenceof base, a metal catalyst (Pd, Ni, Cu), a phosphine ligand, attemperature from room temperature to 100° C. to afford compounds of theFormula XII. During this transformation, X is represented by anappropriate leaving group, the R², R^(3a), R^(3b), R^(4a), and R^(4b)substituents and n of the piperazine-2-ones of the Formula 9 should berepresented by the same moieties as is desired in the final product orprotected variation thereof.

In the next step compounds of Formula XIII can be prepared fromcompounds of Formula XII by addition of diethyl chlorophosphate in thepresence of a base, at temperatures from 0 to −78° C.

In the next step compounds of Formula XIV can be generated by thecondensation of compounds of Formula XIII and aldehydes of Formula 8utilizing a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction (see Maryanoff, B. E. etal. Chemical Review 1989, 89, pg 863-927 reference and referencescontained therein). During the Homer-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, the R¹substituent of the aldehyde of Formula 8 should be represented by thesame moiety as is desired in the final product or protected variationthereof.

In the final step of Scheme 5, compounds of Formula Ia¹ can be preparedvia an intramolecular Heck reaction of compounds of Formula XIV, in thepresence of a base, a metal catalyst, a phosphine ligand, at temperaturefrom 50 to 100° C. (see de Vries, J. G. Topics in OrganometallicChemistry 2012, 42, pg 3-11 reference and references contained therein).

Scheme 6 below describes a synthetic sequence for compounds of FormulaIa², which is a subset of Formula I, wherein A is a “reverse” fusedpyridine ring; and the piperazinyl ring is saturated (bond between C₆and C₇ is a single bond).

The initial step in the synthesis, as depicted, utilizes2,3-dibromopyrimidine of Formula 7 as an initial starting material. The2,3-dibromopyrimidine of Formula 7 undergoes metal exchange followed byaddition of the corresponding anion to aldehydes of Formula 8, to affordalcohols of Formula XV (see Trécourt, F Tetrahedron 2000, 56(10),1349-1360). During the anion addition, the R¹ substituent of thealdehyde of the Formula 8 should be represented by the same moiety as isdesired in the final product or protected variation thereof.

In the next step, compounds of Formula XVI can be generated by oxidationof the alcohols of Formula XV at room temperature.

In the final step of Scheme 6, conversion of compounds of Formula XVI tocompounds of Formula Ia² occurs by a metal catalyzed coupling reaction.Formula XVI undergoes metal coupling with piperazine-2-ones of Formula 9in the presence of base, a metal catalyst (Pd, Ni, Cu), a phosphineligand, at temperatures from room temperature to 100° C. to affordFormula Ia². During the metal coupling, the R², R^(3a), R^(3b), R^(4a),and R^(4b) substituent and n of the piperazine-2-ones of Formula 9should be represented by the same moieties as is desired in the finalproduct or protected variation thereof.

Scheme 7 describes a synthetic sequence for the preparation of compoundsof Formula I, wherein A is a fused oxygen-containing heterocycloalkyl,phenyl or heteroaryl ring; the piperazinyl ring is saturated orunsaturated (bond between C₆ and C₇ is a single or double bond); R^(3a),R^(3b), R^(4a), and R^(4b) are hydrogen and n is when bond between C₆and C₇ is a single bond; or R^(3a) and R^(4a) are hydrogen, R^(3b) andR^(4b) are absent and n is 0 when the bond between C₆ and C₇ is a doublebond.

The initial step in the synthesis, as depicted, utilizes compounds ofFormula V as an initial starting material. Compounds of Formula Vundergo alkylation with allyl alcohol via Mitsunobu conditions (see:Current Organic Chemistry (2009), 13(16), 1610-1632) or with allylhalides via S_(N)2 conditions to afford allyl pyrrolopyridines ofFormula XVII. During the alkylation step the R¹ substituent of Formula Vshould be represented by the same moiety as is desired in the finalproduct or protected variation thereof.

In the next step, compounds of Formula XVIII can be generated fromFormula XVII, under oxidative conditions such as OsO₄.

Following oxidation of the alkene, the compounds of Formula XIX can beprepared by oxidative cleavage of the diol utilizing reagents such asNaIO₄ etc to afford compounds of Formula XVIII.

In the next step, compounds of Formula XX can be generated by thecombination of compounds of Formula XIX and amines of Formula 3 underreductive amination conditions, at temperature from room temperature to80° C. During the reductive amination, the R² substituent of the amineof the Formula 3 should be represented by the same moiety as is desiredin the final product or protected variation thereof.

In the final step of Scheme 7, conversion of the compounds of Formula XXto a mixture of compounds of Formula I can be accomplished by treatmentwith a Lewis acid in a polar protic solvent. The compounds of Formula I(saturated and unsaturated) can then be separated by chromatographymethods.

Scheme 8 below describes an alternate synthetic sequence for thepreparation of compound of Formula I (wherein A is a fusedoxygen-containing heterocycloalkyl, a fused phenyl or a fused heteroarylring; the piperazinyl ring is unsaturated; R^(ab) and Rob are absent;and n is 0.

The initial step in the synthesis, as depicted, utilizes compounds ofFormula XVII (Scheme 7) as an initial starting material. Compounds ofFormula XVII undergo amide formation either by direct conversion of theester by treatment with the appropriate amines in the presence of Lewisacids or a two-step method of saponification under acidic or basicconditions to afford the carboxylic acid which can be mixed with aminesof Formula 3 in the presence of an amide coupling or dehydrating agent,such as, 2,4,6-Tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphinane 2,4,6-trioxide(T3P), O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (HATU), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), etc., attemperatures ranging from −20° C. to 100° C. to generate compounds ofFormula XXI. During the coupling, the R¹, R^(3a), and R^(4a)substituents of Formula XVII and the R² substituent of the amine of theFormula 3 should be represented by the same moiety as is desired in thefinal product or protected variation thereof.

Following the amide coupling step, the compounds of Formula XXII can beprepared by an oxidative cleavage of the alkene moiety of compounds ofFormula XXI.

In the final step of Scheme 8, the compounds of Formula I can beaccomplished by dehydration under acidic conditions on compounds ofFormula XXII to generate compounds of Formula I.

Scheme 9 below describes the synthesis of the fused amides of FormulaIb, which is another subset of Formula I, wherein A is a fusedoxygen-containing heterocycloalkyl, a fused phenyl or a fused heteroarylring; R² and R^(3a) together with the nitrogen to which they areattached form a (4- to 6-membered) heterocycloalkane ring; R4a ishydrogen; the piperazinyl ring is saturated; and Y can be —CH₂—,—CH₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂— or —CH₂—CH₂—O—). The initial step in thesynthesis, as depicted, utilizes compounds of Formula 1 as an initialstarting material. The compounds of Formula 1 undergo alkylation withalcohols of Formula 11 under standard Mitsunobu conditions to affordcompounds of Formula XXIII. During the Mitsunobu step, the Y substituenton the alcohol of Formula 11 should be represented by the same moiety asis desired in the final product or products thereof.

Next, the compounds of Formula XXIII were deprotected under acidicconditions followed by intra molecular amine addition to the ethyl estercatalyzed by Mg(OMe)₂ to afford the fused amides of Formula XXIV.

In the final step of Scheme 9, conversion of compounds of Formula XXIVto compounds of Formula Ib can be accomplished via electrophilicbrominiation followed by Suzuki coupling. Compounds of Formula XXIVundergo electrophilic brominiation to afford the aryl/heteroaryl bromidewhich undergoes Suzuki coupling with boronic acids of Formula 4 in thepresence of base, a metal catalyst (Pd, Ni, Cu), a phosphine ligand, attemperatures from room temperature to 100° C. to afford the desired ringsystem Formula Ib. During the Suzuki coupling, the R¹ substituent of theboronic acid of the Formula 4 should be represented by the same moietyas is desired in the final product or protected variation thereof.

Scheme 10 below describes the synthetic sequence for the preparation ofcompounds of Formula Ic, which is another subset of Formula I, wherein Ais a fused oxygen-containing heterocycloalkyl, a fused phenyl or a fusedheteroaryl ring; and the piperazinyl ring is saturated (bond between C₆and C₇ is a single bond). Starting from compounds of Formula XXV, whichcan be prepared via Schemes 1-3, displacement of the nitro group ofcompounds of Formula XXV with [¹⁸F]fluoride anion in the presence of abase, such as, K₂CO₃ or KOAc, afford compounds of Formula Ic.

Scheme 11 below describes a potential synthetic sequence for thepreparation of compounds of Formula Ia⁵, which is another subset ofFormula I, wherein A is a fused tetrahydropyran ring; and thepiperazinyl ring is saturated. The initial step in the synthesis, asdepicted, utilizes methyl 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate of Formula 12 as aninitial starting material. The methyl 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate ofFormula 12 undergoes alkylation via alkyl halides of Formula 2 in thepresence of base as a proton scavenger or via the alkyl alcohol underMitsunobu conditions to form the compounds of Formula XXVI. During thealkylation step, Z is represented by an appropriate leaving group, theR^(3a), R^(3b), R^(4a), and R^(4b) substituents and n of Formula 2should be represented by the same moieties as desired in the finalproduct or protected variation thereof. The next step of the sequence isS_(N)2 displacement of a halide with an amine in the presence of base asa proton scavenger, at temperature from room temperature to 60° C., toafford amines of Formula XXVII. During the S_(N)2 reaction step, the R²substituent on the amine nucleophile of Formula 3 should be representedby the same moiety as is desired in the final product.

In the next step, the lactam of formula XXVIII can be formed viaintermolecular amine addition to the methyl ester under a variety ofconditions such as K₂CO₃ in acetonitrile (ACN), Mg(OMe)₂ in MeOH, orCaCl₂ in MeOH, at temperatures from room temperature to 80° C.

In the next step of Scheme 11, compounds of Formula XXIX can be preparedvia formylation of compounds of Formula XXVIII in the presence of POCl₃and N,N-dimethyl formamide.

Following the formylation step, the compounds of Formula XXX can beprepared utilizing a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons or Wittig reaction oncompounds of formula XXIX followed by reduction of the resulting alkenein the presence of a metal catalyst (Pd, Pt, etc) and hydrogen.

In the next step, compounds of Formula XXXI can be accomplished via anelectrophilic bromination (such as NBS or Br₂) followed by reduction ofthe ester with a metal hydride (LiBH₄, LiAlH₄, etc).

Next, compounds of Formula XXXII were prepared utilizing anintramolecular ring closure of compounds of Formula XXXI, in thepresence of a base, a metal catalyst (Cu, Pt), at temperature from 100to 120° C.

In the final step of Scheme 11, conversion of compounds of Formula XXXIIto compounds of Formula Ia⁵ can be accomplished via electrophilicbromination (NBS or Br₂) followed by Suzuki coupling. The compounds ofFormula XXXII undergo electrophilic bromination to afford the heteroarylbromide which undergoes Suzuki coupling with boronic acids of Formula 4in the presence of base, a metal catalyst (Pd, Ni, Cu), a phosphineligand, at temperatures from room temperature to 100° C. to afford thedesired ring system Formula Ia⁵ (see de Vries, J. G. Topics inOrganometallic Chemistry 2012, 42, pg 12-20 reference and referencescontained therein). During the Suzuki coupling, the R¹ substituent ofthe boronic acid of the Formula 4 should be represented by the samemoiety as is desired in the final product or protected variationthereof.

Scheme P1 below describes the synthetic sequence for the preparation ofcompounds of Formula P1, where U can be either carbon, or nitrogen. Thesynthesis of compounds of Formula P1 is one synthetic sequence utilizedfor preparing compounds of Formula 1 as depicted above in Schemes 1, 2,and 9. The initial step in the synthesis, as depicted, utilizesheterocycles of Formula 13 as an initial starting material. Theheterocycles of Formula 13 undergo condensation with 2-oxopropanoateFormula 14 in the presence of catalytic amount of acid to affordcompounds of Formula XXXIII (see Trécourt, F Tetrahedron 2000, 56(10),1349-1360).

In the next step, compounds of Formula P1 can be generated via anintramolecular Heck reaction of compounds of Formula XXXIII in thepresence of a base, a metal catalyst, at temperatures from 100° C. to140° C.

Scheme P2 below describes the synthetic sequence for the preparation ofcompounds of Formula P2. The synthesis of compounds of Formula P2 isanother synthetic sequence utilized for preparing compounds of Formula 1as depicted above in Schemes 1, 2, and 9. The initial step in thesynthesis, as depicted, utilizes heterocycles of Formula 15 as aninitial starting material. The heterocycles of Formula 15 undergocondensation with ethyl 2-azidoacetate Formula 16 in the presence of abase to afford compounds of Formula XXXIV.

In the next step, compounds of Formula P2 can be generated via acyclization reaction of compounds of Formula XXXIV at temperatures from100° C. to 140° C.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND WORKING EXAMPLES

The following illustrate the synthesis of various compounds of thepresent invention. Additional compounds within the scope of thisinvention may be prepared using the methods illustrated in theseExamples, either alone or in combination with techniques generally knownin the art.

Experiments were generally carried out under inert atmosphere (nitrogenor argon), particularly in cases where oxygen- or moisture-sensitivereagents or intermediates were employed. Commercial solvents andreagents were generally used without further purification. Anhydroussolvents were employed where appropriate, generally AcroSeal® productsfrom Acros Organics or DriSolv® products from EMD Chemicals. In othercases, commercial solvents were passed through columns packed with 4 Åmolecular sieves, until the following QC standards for water wereattained: a) <100 ppm for dichloromethane, toluene,N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran; b)<180 ppm for methanol,ethanol, 1,4-dioxane and diisopropylamine. For very sensitive reactions,solvents were further treated with metallic sodium, calcium hydride ormolecular sieves, and distilled just prior to use. Products weregenerally dried under vacuum before being carried on to furtherreactions or submitted for biological testing. Mass spectrometry data isreported from either liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS),atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) instrumentation. Chemical shiftsfor nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data are expressed in parts permillion (ppm, δ) referenced to residual peaks from the deuteratedsolvents employed. In some examples, chiral separations were carried outto separate enantiomers or atropisomers (or atropenantiomers) of certaincompounds of the invention (in some examples, the separated atropisomersare designated as ENT-1 and ENT-2, according to their order of elution).In some examples, the optical rotation of an enantiomer or atropisomerwas measured using a polarimeter. According to its observed rotationdata (or its specific rotation data), an enantiomer or atropisomer (oratropenantiomer) with a clockwise rotation was designated as the(+)-enantiomer or (+)-atropisomer [or the (+) atropenantiomer] and anenantiomer or atropisomer (or atropenantiomer) with a counter-clockwiserotation was designated as the (−)-enantiomer or (−)-atropisomer [or the(−) atropenantiomer].

Reactions proceeding through detectable intermediates were generallyfollowed by LCMS, and allowed to proceed to full conversion prior toaddition of subsequent reagents. For syntheses referencing procedures inother Examples or Methods, reaction conditions (reaction time andtemperature) may vary. In general, reactions were followed by thin-layerchromatography or mass spectrometry, and subjected to work-up whenappropriate. Purifications may vary between experiments: in general,solvents and the solvent ratios used for eluents/gradients were chosento provide appropriate R_(f)s or retention times.

Example 110-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(1)

Step 1. Synthesis of ethyl3-bromo-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate (C1)

N-Bromosuccinimide (15.4 g, 86.5 mmol) was added to a 0° C. solution ofethyl 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate (15.0 g, 78.9 mmol) indichloromethane (150 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 16 hours. After addition of dichloromethane (150 mL) andwater (200 mL), the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane(3×150 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturatedaqueous sodium chloride solution (5×50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate,filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography(Gradient: 0% to 50% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) afforded theproduct as a yellow solid. Yield: 13 g, 48 mmol, 61%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 9.94 (br s, 1H), 8.65 (dd, J=4.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (dd, J=8.4,1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (dd, J=8.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.45(t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

Step 2. Synthesis of ethyl3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate (C2)

This experiment was carried out five times. To a mixture of C1 (1.08 g,4.01 mmol), (4-chlorophenyl)boronic acid (936 mg, 5.99 mmol) and sodiumcarbonate (1.27 g, 12.0 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) and water (2 mL)was added [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)(146 mg, 200 μmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 18hours, and then concentrated in vacuo. Water (30 mL) was added, and themixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). The combined organiclayers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (3×20mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated under reducedpressure, and purified by silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 30%ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to provide the product as a yellowsolid. Total yield: 5.2 g, 17 mmol, 85%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.25(br s, 1H), 8.62 (dd, J=4.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (dd, J=8.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H),7.66 (br d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.43 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (dd, J=8.3,4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.29 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Step 3. Synthesis of ethyl1-(2-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}ethyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate(C3)

A mixture of sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 1.4 g, 35 mmol) andN,N-dimethylformamide (30 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated in adrop-wise fashion with a solution of C2 (7.00 g, 23.3 mmol) inN,N-dimethylformamide (40 mL). This was stirred at room temperature for1 hour, then cooled to 0° C. After addition of(2-bromoethoxy)(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane (11.2 g, 46.8 mmol), thereaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 16 hours,and was then quenched with water (150 mL). The mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate (3×150 mL), and the combined organic layers werewashed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (5×50 mL), driedover sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gelchromatography (Gradient: 0% to 10% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether)provided the product as a yellow oil. Yield: 6.8 g, 15 mmol, 64%. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.57 (dd, J=4.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (dd, J=8.5, 1.4Hz, 1H), 7.45 (br AB quartet, J_(AB)=8.6 Hz, Δν_(AB)=22.3 Hz, 4H), 7.26(dd, J=8.4, 4.5, 1H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak),4.65-4.71 (m, 2H), 4.23 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.98-4.03 (m, 2H), 1.12 (t,J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.73 (s, 9H), -0.20 (s, 6H).

Step 4. Synthesis of10-(4-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-9H-pyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazin-9-one(C4)

A solution of C3 (6.5 g, 14 mmol) in 6 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (78mL) and tetrahydrofuran (156 mL) was heated at 70° C. for 3 hours. Afterremoval of tetrahydrofuran in vacuo, the aqueous residue was slowlypoured into saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and extractedwith dichloromethane (3×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washedwith saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (2×50 mL), dried oversodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure, andpurified by silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 70% ethyl acetatein petroleum ether), affording the product as a white solid. Yield: 3.23g, 10.8 mmol, 77%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.69 (dd, J=4.5, 1.3 Hz,1H), 7.81 (br d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.75 (dd, J=8.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (brd, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (dd, J=8.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.79-4.84 (m, 2H),4.40-4.45 (m, 2H).

Step 5. Synthesis of3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide(C5)

To a solution of pyrimidin-2-amine (72.7 mg, 0.764 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (9 mL) was addedbis(trimethylaluminum)-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane adduct (97%, 202mg, 0.764 mmol) at room temperature, in three portions over 2 minutes.This mixture was stirred for 5 minutes, and then treated with C4 (114mg, 0.382 mmol) in one portion. The reaction mixture was heated for 20hours at 70° C. and then cooled to room temperature; at this point, amixture of additional pyrimidin-2-amine (35 mg, 0.37 mmol) andbis(trimethylaluminum)-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane adduct (97%, 100mg, 0.38 mmol) that had been stirred in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) for 5minutes was added, and the reaction mixture was heated at 70° C. for anadditional 3.5 hours. After it had cooled to ambient temperature, thereaction mixture was treated with 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solutionuntil it was strongly basic; this mixture was extracted three times withdichloromethane. The aqueous phase was acidified to a pH ofapproximately 5-6 with 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid, and subsequentlyextracted three times with dichloromethane. The combined organic layersfrom the acidic extractions were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered,and concentrated in vacuo to provide the product as an off-white solid.Yield: 119 mg, 0.302 mmol, 79%. LCMS m/z 394.1, 396.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.62 (dd, J=4.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.51 (br d, J=4.8 Hz,2H), 8.32 (br s, 1H), 7.86 (dd, J=8.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (br d, J=8.5Hz, 2H), 7.42 (br d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (dd, J=8.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.02(t, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.68-4.73 (m, 2H), 4.08-4.14 (m, 2H).

Step 6. Synthesis of10-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-7,8-ihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(1)

To a solution of C5 (117 mg, 0.297 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) wereadded diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (0.147 mL, 0.742 mmol) andpolymer-supported triphenylphosphine (1.6 mmol/g, 464 mg, 0.742 mmol).After the reaction mixture had stirred at room temperature for 1.5hours, it was diluted with ethyl acetate, and the supernatant was passedthrough a disposable syringe equipped with an Acrodisc® filter. Thefiltrate was washed with water, dried over magnesium sulfate, andconcentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 4%methanol in dichloromethane) provided the product as a white foam.Yield: 99 mg, 0.26 mmol, 88%. LCMS m/z 376.1, 378.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.76 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 8.66 (dd, J=4.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H),7.74-7.79 (m, 3H), 7.41 (br d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (dd, J=8.4, 4.5 Hz,1H), 7.15 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.57-4.62 (m, 2H), 4.49-4.54 (m, 2H).

Example 210-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(2)

Step 1. Synthesis of ethyl1-(2-bromoethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate (C6)

A solution of ethyl 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate (23 g, 0.12mol), 2-bromoethanol (37.9 g, 0.303 mol) and triphenylphosphine (79.4 g,0.303 mol) in tetrahydrofuran was cooled to 0° C. Diisopropylazodicarboxylate (61.2 g, 0.303 mol) was added drop-wise over 20 minutesand the resulting mixture was warmed to 25° C. and stirred for 18 hours.After the solvent had been removed under reduced pressure, the residuewas diluted with ethyl acetate (300 mL) and extracted with aqueoushydrochloric acid (1 M, 3×100 mL). The combined aqueous extracts werebasified to pH 8-9 using saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution,and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL).The combined organic layers were concentrated in vacuo; silica gelchromatography (Eluent: 5:1 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate) provided theproduct as a white solid. Yield: 25 g, 84 mmol, 70%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 8.59 (dd, J=4.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50(br s, 1H), 7.28 (dd, J=8.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 4.42(q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.44 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Step 2. Synthesis of ethyl1-[2-(cyclopropylamino)ethyl]-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate(C7)

Potassium carbonate (17.4 g, 0.126 mol) was added to a solution of C6(25 g, 84 mmol) in acetonitrile (400 mL), followed by cyclopropylamine(192 g, 3.36 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hours at 60°C., whereupon it was filtered and then concentrated under reducedpressure, to provide the product as a yellow semi-solid (23 g). By LCMSanalysis, both the intended product C7 (m/z 273.9 [M+H]⁺) and C8, thetricyclic compound resulting from intramolecular cyclization (m/z 227.8[M+H]⁺), were present. This material was used for the following stepwithout further purification.

Step 3. Synthesis of8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(C8)

Magnesium methoxide (7.26 g, 84.1 mmol) was added to a solution of C7(from the previous step, 23 g, ≤84 mmol) in methanol (350 mL). After thereaction mixture had been stirred for 1 hour at 80° C., solids wereremoved via filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under reducedpressure. Purification via silica gel chromatography (Eluent: 1:1petroleum ether/ethyl acetate) afforded the product as a white solid.Yield: 18.5 g, 81.4 mmol, 97% over 2 steps. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.51 (dd, J=4.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (br s,1H), 7.19 (dd, J=8.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.18-4.23 (m, 2H), 3.80-3.85 (m, 2H),2.81-2.88 (m, 1H), 0.93-0.99 (m, 2H), 0.74-0.80 (m, 2H).

Step 4. Synthesis of10-bromo-8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(C9)

N-Bromosuccinimide (17.4 g, 97.8 mmol) was added to a solution of C8(18.5 g, 81.4 mmol) in dichloromethane (400 mL), and the reactionmixture was stirred for 1 hour at 25° C. It was then concentrated underreduced pressure, cooled, and treated with saturated aqueous sodiumthiosulfate solution (100 mL). The mixture was extracted withdichloromethane (3×100 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried,filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography (Eluent:20:1 dichloromethane/methanol) provided the product as a light yellowsolid. Yield: 17.9 g, 58.5 mmol, 72%. LCMS m/z 307.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.61 (br d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.29(dd, J=8.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak),4.23-4.28 (m, 2H), 3.82-3.87 (m, 2H), 2.82-2.89 (m, 1H), 0.95-1.02 (m,2H), 0.77-0.83 (m, 2H).

Step 5. Synthesis of10-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(2)

This reaction was carried out four times.Bis(tri-tert-butylphosphine)palladium(0) (83 mg, 0.16 mmol) was added toa mixture of C9 (500 mg, 1.63 mmol), (4-chlorophenyl)boronic acid (509mg, 3.26 mmol), 1,4-dioxane (15 mL), and sodium carbonate (864 g, 8.15mmol, as a 3 M solution in water). The reaction mixture was stirred at90° C. for 16 hours, then diluted with water (50 mL) and ethyl acetate(50 mL). After extraction of the aqueous layer with ethyl acetate (3×30mL), the combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueoussodium chloride solution, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification of the combined crude products viasilica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 100% ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether) provided the product as a yellow solid. Yield: 870 mg,2.58 mmol, 39%. LCMS m/z 337.8 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.60(dd, J=4.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (dd, J=8.4, 1.4Hz, 1H), 7.43 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (dd, J=8.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H),4.27-4.32 (m, 2H), 3.86-3.92 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.87 (m, 1H), 0.92-0.99 (m,2H), 0.73-0.80 (m, 2H).

Alternate Synthesis of Example 210-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(2)

Step 1. Synthesis of3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (C10)

A mixture of C2 (300 mg, 1.0 mmol) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate(126 mg, 3.00 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) and water (1 mL) was stirred atroom temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted withwater and acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid to a pH of less than5. Removal of ethanol in vacuo, followed by lyophilization, afforded theproduct as a yellow solid. Yield: 300 mg, assumed quantitative.

Step 2. Synthesis of3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide(C11)

To a solution of C10 (200 mg, 0.73 mmol) andO-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (HATU, 555 mg, 1.46 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide(6 mL) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.40 mL, 2.3 mmol), and theresulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes.Cyclopropylamine (63 mg, 1.1 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, then diluted with water andextracted with ethyl acetate (4×25 mL). The combined organic layers wereconcentrated in vacuo and purified by high-performance liquidchromatography (HPLC) (Column: DIKMA Diamonsil(2) C18, 5 μm; Mobilephase A: 0.225% formic acid in water; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile;Gradient: 10% to 30% B) to provide the product as a white solid. Yield:20 mg, 64 μmol, 9%. LCMS m/z 311.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ12.26 (br s, 1H), 8.48 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (br d, J=3.8 Hz, 1H),7.95-8.02 (m, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H),7.32-7.39 (m, 1H), 2.78-2.87 (m, 1H), 0.66-0.73 (m, 2H), 0.44-0.50 (m,2H).

Step 3. Synthesis of10-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(2)

A solution of C11 (25 mg, 80 μmol), potassium carbonate (98 mg, 0.71mmol) and 1,2-dibromoethane (0.5 mL) in acetonitrile (2.5 mL) wasstirred at 100° C. for 4 hours. After filtration of the mixture, thefiltrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified byreversed phase HPLC (Column: Kromasil Eternity-5-C18, 5 μm; Mobile phaseA: 0.225% formic acid in water; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient:15% to 35% B) to afford the product as a yellow solid. Yield: 9.9 mg, 29μmol, 36%. LCMS m/z 338.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.48 (brd, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (br d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H),7.44 (br d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (dd, J=8.4, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.35-4.41 (m,2H), 3.78-3.83 (m, 2H), 2.82-2.90 (m, 1H), 0.71-0.83 (m, 4H).

Example 3(6aR)-12-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6a,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6H,11H-pyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrrolo[1,2-d]pyrazin-11-one,trifluoroacetate salt (3)

Step 1. Synthesis of ethyl1-{[(2R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate(C12)

Ethyl 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate (200 mg, 1.05 mmol),tert-butyl (2R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (529 mg, 2.63mmol), and triphenylphosphine (690 mg, 2.63 mmol) were dissolved intetrahydrofuran (200 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Diisopropylazodicarboxylate (0.521 mL, 2.63 mmol) was added drop-wise over 20minutes, and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to roomtemperature and stir for 18 hours. Solvent was removed in vacuo, andpurification via silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 100% ethylacetate in heptane) provided product (500 mg) still containingcontaminants. This material was taken directly to the following step.LCMS m/z 374.3 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2. Synthesis of ethyl1-[(2R)-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl]-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate(C13)

A solution of C12 (from the previous step, 1.05 mmol) in diethyl etherwas treated with a solution of hydrogen chloride in diethyl ether (4 M,5 mL), and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 3 days. Thereaction mixture was analyzed by LCMS and was found to consistpredominantly of compound C13: m/z 274.2 [M+H]⁺. Solvent was removed invacuo, and the residue was mixed with water and extracted with ethylacetate. The aqueous layer was basified via addition of saturatedaqueous sodium carbonate solution and then extracted with ethyl acetate(2×100 mL). These two organic layers were combined and dried overmagnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure toprovide a product (90 mg) that by NMR analysis had essentiallycompletely cyclized to C14, the product of step 3. This material wasnonetheless subjected to the following step.

Step 3. Synthesis of(6aR)-6a,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6H,11H-pyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrrolo[1,2-d]pyrazin-11-one(C14)

The material from the previous step (90 mg) was mixed with a solution ofmagnesium methoxide in methanol (6-10% solution, 4 mL) and the reactionmixture was heated to reflux for 18 hours. Evaporation of solvent underreduced pressure was followed by addition of water and extraction withethyl acetate (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried overmagnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo; silica gelchromatography (Gradient: 0% to 10% methanol in dichloromethane)afforded the product. Yield: 70 mg, 0.31 mmol, 30% over 3 steps. LCMSm/z 228.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.43 (dd, J=4.6, 1.3 Hz,1H), 8.00 (ddd, J=8.5, 1.2, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (dd, J=8.4, 4.7 Hz, 1H),7.25 (br s, 1H), 4.85 (dd, J=12.1, 4.5 Hz, 1H, assumed; partiallyobscured by water peak), 4.19-4.29 (m, 1H), 3.87 (dd, J=12.1, 12.1 Hz,1H), 3.77-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.69 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.44 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.25(m, 1H), 1.98-2.11 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.98 (m, 1H).

Step 4. Synthesis of(6aR)-12-bromo-6a,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6H,11H-pyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrrolo[1,2-d]pyrazin-11-one(C15)

Compound C14 was converted to the product according to the methoddescribed for synthesis of C1 in Example 1. In this case, thechromatographic purification was carried out with 5% methanol indichloromethane as eluent. Yield: 70 mg, 0.23 mmol, 58%. LCMS m/z 306.0,308.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.49 (dd, J=4.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H),8.02 (dd, J=8.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.5, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.87 (dd,J=12.1, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.25 (m, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=12.0, 12.0 Hz, 1H),3.75-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.68 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.16-2.25 (m,1H), 1.97-2.10 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.97 (m, 1H).

Step 5. Synthesis of(6aR)-12-(4-chlorophenyl)-6a,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6H,11H-pyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrrolo[1,2-d]pyrazin-11-one,trifluoroacetate salt (3)

Compound C15 was converted to the product according to the generalmethod described for synthesis of C2 in Example 1. Purification in thiscase was carried out by reversed phase HPLC (Column: Waters Sunfire C18,5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water (v/v); Mobilephase B: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: 10%to 30% B) to provide the product. Yield: 33 mg, 73 μmol, 74%. LCMS m/z338.0, 340.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.48 (dd, J=4.4, 1.4Hz, 1H), 8.04 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (br d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (brd, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (dd, J=8.4, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (dd, J=12.1, 3.9Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.22 (m, 1H), 3.87 (dd, J=12.1, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.60-3.65(m, 1H), 3.46-3.52 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.03-2.10 (m, 1H),1.87-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.87 (m, 1H).

Example 44-(8-Cyclopropyl-9-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-10-yl)-2-fluorobenzonitrile(4)

[1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (242 mg,0.331 mmol) was added to a mixture of sodium carbonate (1.04 g, 9.81mmol, as a 3 M solution in water), C9 (1.0 g, 3.3 mmol), and(4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl)boronic acid (592 mg, 3.59 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane(30 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 16 hours,whereupon it was diluted with water (30 mL) and ethyl acetate (30 mL).The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL), and thecombined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride solution, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. Chromatographic purification on silica gel (Gradient: 0% to75% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether, followed by a second column using80% ethyl acetate in heptane as eluent) afforded a solid, which wasslurried in diethyl ether, stirred for 30 minutes, and collected viafiltration to afford the product as a white solid. Yield: 590 mg, 1.70mmol, 52%. LCMS m/z 347.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.62 (br d,J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.76-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.73 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (dd,J=7.9, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J=8.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.30-4.36 (m, 2H),3.90-3.95 (m, 2H), 2.83-2.90 (m, 1H), 0.96-1.02 (m, 2H), 0.75-0.81 (m,2H).

Example 4a4-(8-Cyclopropyl-9-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-10-yl)-2-(¹⁸F)fluorobenzonitrile(4a)

Step 1. Synthesis of2-nitro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzonitrile(C16)

4-Bromo-2-nitrobenzonitrile (800 mg, 3.52 mmol),4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (940 mg, 3.70mmol), and potassium acetate (1.0 g, 10 mmol) were combined in1,4-dioxane (35 mL), and the mixture was degassed for 15 minutes.[1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (120 mg,0.16 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for2 hours. After it had cooled to room temperature, solvent was removed invacuo, and the residue was purified via chromatography on silica gel(Eluent: dichloromethane), providing the product as a brownish-yellowsolid. Yield: 940 mg, 3.43 mmol, 97%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.69 (brs, 1H), 8.18 (dd, J=7.6, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.38 (s,12H).

Step 2. Synthesis of4-(8-cyclopropyl-9-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-10-yl)-2-nitrobenzonitrile(C17)

Reaction of C9 with C16 was carried out using the method described forsynthesis of C49 in Example 13. The product was obtained as a yellowsolid. Yield: 315 mg, 0.844 mmol, 98%. LCMS m/z 374.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR(500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.90 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (dd, J=4.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H),8.36 (dd, J=7.9, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (dd, J=8.5,1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J=8.3, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.33-4.40 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.97(m, 2H), 2.82-2.89 (m, 1H), 0.91-0.99 (m, 2H), 0.73-0.81 (m, 2H). HRMS(m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₀H₁₅N₅O₃, 374.1248; found, 374.1246.

Step 3. Synthesis of4-(8-cyclopropyl-9-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-10-yl)-2-(¹⁸F)fluorobenzonitrile(4a)

[¹⁸F]Fluoride in water was produced in a ¹⁸O (p,n)¹⁸F nuclear reactionon a CTI RDS-111 cyclotron. The starting material for the p/n reactionwas 97% 0-18 enriched water from Huayi/Isoflex; irradiation wasperformed on the beamline 2 F-18 HP target (volume=2.4 mL), for 30minutes at 60 μamp. The semi-preparative HPLC column was equilibratedwith the mobile phase for 15 minutes at 3 mL/minute prior to the startof the experiment.

The activity was unloaded from the target and delivered straight to theglass V-vial on a General Electric FX-FN synthesis module. The[¹⁸F]fluoride was passed through a Chromafix PS-HCO₃ cartridge(Macherey-Nagel), which had been pre-treated with ethanol (1 mL)followed by water (1 mL), with the water then drained off using asyringe. The fluoride was eluted with a solution of potassium carbonate(3 mg, 20 μmol) in water (0.5 mL), followed by a solution of4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane (Kryptofix®222, 20 mg, 53 μmol) in acetonitrile (1 mL). After drying of theF-18/Kryptofix mixture, the residue was dissolved in a solution of C17(2 mg, 6 μmol) in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (0.5 mL) and heated at130° C. for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to 35° C., thendiluted with 30% acetonitrile in 0.05 M ammonium acetate (4.5 mL). Theresulting light yellow solution was passed through a Waters Alumina NSep-Pak Light cartridge [pre-conditioned with water (10 mL)] into anintermediate vial. The crude reaction mixture was then purified bysemi-preparative HPLC (Column: Phenomenex Luna Phenyl-Hexyl, 10×250 mm,5 μm; Eluent: 30% acetonitrile in 0.05 M aqueous ammonium acetate; Flowrate: 6.0 mL/minute) by automated filling of a 5.0 mL Rheodyne loop,followed by injection onto the column. The activity associated with 4aeluted from 33 minutes to 36 minutes (14000 cps), and the 4a collectionstarted at 2000 cps and stopped at 6000 cps. The retention time of 4awas 34 minutes. The HPLC eluent associated with this collection wasdiluted with water (50 mL) containing ascorbic acid (12 mg), followed bytrapping on a conditioned Phenomenex Strata® C18-E 50 mg cartridge. Thecartridge was washed with water (3 mL), then eluted with ethanol (0.5mL) and saline solution (4.5 mL). Specific activity of 4a at end ofsynthesis: 14305 Ci/mmol; Product activity: 289 mCi; Radiochemicalpurity of 4a: >99%; Chemical purity: >99%.

Compound 4a coeluted with the compound of Example 4 by analytical HPLC(Column: Phenomenex Gemini® C18, 150×4.6 mm, 4 μm; Eluent: 45:55acetonitrile/water; Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min), with a retention time of 7.8minutes.

Examples 5 and 610-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(5) and10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(8H)-one(6)

Step 1. Synthesis of ethyl3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate(C18)

Sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 150 mg, 3.75 mmol) was slowly addedto a 0° C. solution of C2 (750 mg, 2.49 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide(10 mL). After 10 minutes, 3-bromoprop-1-ene (99%, 0.432 mL, 4.98 mmol)was added drop-wise, and the cooling bath was removed. After 4.5 hours,the reaction mixture was poured into water (25 mL) and diluted withethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with half-saturatedaqueous sodium chloride solution (4×50 mL), then with saturated aqueoussodium chloride solution (50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered,and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to silica gelchromatography (Gradient: 5% to 50% ethyl acetate in heptane), affordingthe product as a yellow oil (900 mg). This material was taken directlyto the following step. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.61 (dd, J=4.5, 1.3Hz, 1H), 7.76 (dd, J=8.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (br AB quartet, J_(AB)=8.7Hz, Δν_(AB)=33.5 Hz, 4H), 7.30 (dd, J=8.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 5.98-6.09 (m,1H), 5.17-5.22 (m, 3H), 4.99-5.06 (m, 1H), 4.25 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.14(t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

Step 2. Synthesis of ethyl3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate(C19)

4-Methylmorpholine N-oxide monohydrate (674 mg, 4.99 mmol) was added toa solution of C18 (from the previous step, 900 mg, 2.49 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (35 mL). After 20 minutes, osmium tetroxide (2.5 weightpercent solution in tert-butanol, 0.94 mL, 75 μmol) was added to themixture. After 4.5 hours, the reaction was quenched via addition of 10%aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution (20 mL), and the mixture was allowedto stir for 20 minutes, whereupon it was extracted with ethyl acetate(4×45 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with aqueous sodiumthiosulfate solution and with saturated aqueous sodium chloridesolution, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated invacuo, providing the product as a white solid. Yield: 850 mg, 2.27 mmol,91% over 2 steps. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.41 (dd, J=4.6, 1.4 Hz,1H), 8.06 (dd, J=8.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.44 (m, 4H), 7.32 (dd, J=8.6,4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (dd, J=14.5, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (dd, J=14.5, 7.9 Hz,1H), 4.20 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.99-4.05 (m, 1H), 3.61 (dd, half of ABXpattern, J=11.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=11.3, 5.2Hz, 1H), 1.08 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

Step 3. Synthesis of ethyl H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-(C20)

Compound C19 (from a reaction sequence similar to steps 1 and 2 above,2.49 mmol) was dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate andtetrahydrofuran (50 mL), and treated drop-wise with a solution of sodiumperiodate (815 mg, 4.27 mmol) in water (30 mL). After stirring at roomtemperature for 18 hours, the reaction mixture was treated withadditional sodium periodate (815 mg, 4.27 mmol) and allowed to reactuntil, by LCMS analysis, the starting material had been consumed. Anaqueous solution of sodium bisulfite (10%, 30 mL) was added, and theaqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×250 mL). The combinedorganic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo; purification via silica gel chromatography(Gradient: 0% to 70% ethyl acetate in heptane) afforded the product as asolid. Yield: 290 mg, 0.846 mmol, ≥34%. LCMS m/z 341.1, 343.1 [M−1]. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.79 (s, 1H), 8.60 (dd, J=4.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.63(dd, J=8.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (br AB quartet, J_(AB)=8.4 Hz, Δν_(AB)=33Hz, 4H), 7.30 (dd, J=8.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.87-5.04 (m, 2H), 4.20 (q, J=7.1Hz, 2H), 1.10 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

Step 4. Synthesis of ethyl3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-[2-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylamino)ethyl]-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate(C21)

Compound C20 (200 mg, 0.58 mmol), 4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine (65.0 mg,0.773 mmol) and a 5:1 mixture of ethanol and toluene (15 mL) werecombined in a vial and heated at 80° C. for 4 hours. At this point, thecap was removed, and the reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. until80% of the solvent had evaporated. After cooling to room temperature,the mixture was treated with sodium borohydride (73.1 mg, 1.93 mmol) andmethanol (10 mL) and allowed to stir at room temperature for 18 hours.Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (10 mL) was added, andstirring was continued for 30 minutes. The mixture was then partitionedbetween ethyl acetate (100 mL) and water (30 mL), and the organic layerwas washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (30 mL),dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo toafford the crude product (265 mg), which was taken into the followingstep without purification.

Step 5. Synthesis of 8-(5) and10-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(8H)-one(6)

Compound C21 (from the preceding step, ≤0.58 mmol) was dissolved inmethanol (15 mL) and treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (2M, 2 mL). After 6 hours at room temperature, LCMS analysis indicated thepresence of both the expected product 5 and the unsaturated analogue 6.The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (130 mL) andwater (10 mL), and the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate,filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was combined withthat obtained from a similar reaction carried out on C21 (78 mg, ≤0.19mmol) to afford 250 mg of material. One-third of this was subjected toreversed phase HPLC (Column: Waters XBridge C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A:0.03% ammonium hydroxide in water (v/v); Mobile phase B: 0.03% ammoniumhydroxide in acetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: 20% to 30% B) to provide 5.Yield: 4.0 mg, 11 μmol, 4% over two steps. 5: LCMS m/z 365.1, 367.1[M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆), characteristic peaks: δ 8.54 (d, J=4Hz, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (br s, 1H), 7.78 (br d, J=8.4 Hz,2H), 7.49 (br d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (dd, J=8.4, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (br s,2H).

Another one-third of the crude product was purified using reversed phaseHPLC (Column: Waters XBridge C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.03% ammoniumhydroxide in water (v/v); Mobile phase B: 0.03% ammonium hydroxide inacetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: 20% to 30% B) to provide 6. Yield: 2.6 mg,7.2 μmol, 3% over two steps. 6: LCMS m/z 363.1, 365.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR(600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.72 (dd, J=4.4, 1 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (br d, J=8.4 Hz,1H), 8.46 (br s, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H),7.56 (dd, J=8.4, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (br d,J=5.7 Hz, 1H).

Example 710-(4-Chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrazino[1′,2′:1,5]pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-9(6H)-one(7)

Step 1. Synthesis of ethyl2-[(4-chloropyrimidin-5-yl)amino]prop-2-enoate (C22)

A mixture of 4-chloropyrimidin-5-amine (8.0 g, 62 mmol), ethyl2-oxopropanoate (14.4 g, 124 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonic acidmonohydrate (0.90 g, 4.7 mmol) in toluene (100 mL) was stirred at refluxfor 3 hours, while water was azeotropically removed with a Dean-Starktrap. The mixture was subsequently concentrated to a small volume andpurified by silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 30% ethyl acetatein petroleum ether) to afford the product as a yellow solid. Yield: 2.1g, 9.2 mmol, 15%.

Step 2. Synthesis of ethyl 5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate(C23)

A mixture of C22 (2.1 g, 9.2 mmol), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (3 mL),and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.2 g, 0.2 mmol) inpyridine (25 mL) was degassed several times with nitrogen and stirred at140° C. for 4 hours. After removal of solvent in vacuo, the residue waspurified by silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 100% ethylacetate in petroleum ether) to provide the product as a brown solid.Yield: 500 mg, 2.6 mmol, 28%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.33 (br s, 1H),9.12 (s, 1H), 9.05 (d, J=0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.36 (m, 1H), 4.50 (q, J=7.2Hz, 2H), 1.47 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Step 3. Synthesis of ethyl5-(2-bromoethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate (C24)

A mixture of C23 (400 mg, 2.1 mmol), 1,2-dibromoethane (1.57 g, 8.36mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.1 g, 8.0 mmol) in acetonitrile (20 mL)was heated at 50° C. for 18 hours. After the reaction mixture had beencooled to room temperature and poured into water (20 mL), it wasconcentrated under reduced pressure to remove acetonitrile. The aqueousresidue was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL), and the combinedorganic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloridesolution, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuoto afford the product as a brown solid. Yield: 350 mg, 1.2 mmol, 57%. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.12 (s, 2H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 5.01 (t, J=6.2 Hz,2H), 4.46 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (t, J=7.1 Hz,3H).

Step 4. Synthesis of8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrazino[1′,2′:1,5]pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-9(6H)-one(C25)

To a solution of C24 (300 mg, 1.0 mmol) and cyclopropylamine (3.0 g, 52mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was added potassium carbonate (284 mg,2.05 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 18 hours.Volatiles were removed in vacuo, and the residue was mixed withacetonitrile (15 mL) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (5 mL), and wasstirred at 80° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and thefiltrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the productas a brown solid. Yield: 180 mg, 0.79 mmol, 79%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 9.07 (s, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H),4.33-4.38 (m, 2H), 3.87-3.92 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.93 (m, 1H), 0.98-1.04 (m,2H), 0.78-0.84 (m, 2H).

Step 5. Synthesis of10-bromo-8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrazino[1′,2′:1,5]pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-9(6H)-one(C26)

Compound C25 was converted to the product using the method described forsynthesis of C1 in Example 1, except that no chromatographicpurification was carried out in this case. The product was obtained as abrown solid. Yield: 500 mg, 1.6 mmol, 91%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ9.15 (s, 1H), 9.00 (s, 1H), 4.39-4.44 (m, 2H), 3.88-3.93 (m, 2H),2.86-2.92 (m, 1H), 0.99-1.05 (m, 2H), 0.80-0.85 (m, 2H).

Step 6. Synthesis of10-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrazino[1′,2′:1,5]pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-9(6H)-one(7)

Compound C26 (400 mg, 1.3 mmol), (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)boronic acid(341 mg, 1.96 mmol) and cesium carbonate (1.0 g, 3.1 mmol) were combinedin a mixture of 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) and water (2 mL), and degassed withnitrogen for 2 minutes.Dichlorobis(tricyclohexylphosphine)-palladium(II) (20 mg, 27 μmol) wasadded, and the reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. for 18 hours, thenconcentrated in vacuo, diluted with water (50 mL), and extracted withethyl acetate (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were concentratedunder reduced pressure and purified via reversed phase high-performanceliquid chromatography (Column: Phenomenex Gemini C18, 8 μm; Mobile phaseA: aqueous ammonia, pH 10; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 36%to 56% B) to provide the product as a yellow solid. Yield: 30 mg, 84μmol, 6%. LCMS m/z 357.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.12 (s, 1H),8.98 (s, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J=10.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (br dd, J=8.4, 1.5 Hz,1H), 7.48 (dd, J=8.2, 7.8, 1H), 4.39-4.45 (m, 2H), 3.92-3.98 (m, 2H),2.85-2.92 (m, 1H), 0.97-1.04 (m, 2H), 0.77-0.83 (m, 2H).

Example 810-(4-Chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a:4,5-b′]dipyrazin-9(6H)-one(8)

Step 1. Synthesis of ethyl 2-[(3-chloropyrazin-2-yl)amino]prop-2-enoate(C27)

3-Chloropyrazin-2-amine was converted to the product using the methoddescribed for synthesis of C22 in Example 7. The product was isolated asa white solid. Yield: 14.0 g, 61.5 mmol, 77%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.11 (br s, 1H), 8.09 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.70(s, 1H), 5.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.39 (t, J=7.2Hz, 3H).

Step 2. Synthesis of ethyl 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-6-carboxylate (C28)

Compound C27 was converted to the product according to the methoddescribed for synthesis of C23 in Example 7. The product was obtained asa yellow solid. Yield: 7.6 g, 40 mmol, 83%. LCMS m/z 191.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 11.43 (br s, 1H), 8.63 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.55(d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.48(t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Step 3. Synthesis of ethyl5-(2-bromoethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-6-carboxylate (C29)

Compound C28 was reacted with 2-bromoethanol using the method describedfor synthesis of C12 in Example 3. In this case, chromatography wascarried out using a gradient of 10% to 40% ethyl acetate in petroleumether, and the product was obtained as a white solid. Yield: 2.0 g, 6.7mmol, 64%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.58 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (d,J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 5.13 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.46 (q, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 3.74 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Step 4. Synthesis of8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a:4,5-b′]dipyrazin-9(6H)-one (C30)

To a solution of C29 (2.0 g, 6.7 mmol) and cyclopropylamine (33 mL) inacetonitrile (100 mL) was added potassium carbonate (2.8 g, 20 mmol),and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 18 hours. Afterremoval of volatiles under reduced pressure, the residue was partitionedbetween dichloromethane and water. The organic phase was separated, theaqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (2×80 mL), and thecombined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride solution (50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentratedin vacuo. Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 70% to 100% ethyl acetatein petroleum ether) afforded the product as a yellow solid. Yield: 665mg, 2.91 mmol, 43%. LCMS m/z 228.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.53 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 4.40-4.45(m, 2H), 3.84-3.89 (m, 2H), 2.87-2.94 (m, 1H), 0.97-1.04 (m, 2H),0.78-0.84 (m, 2H).

Step 5. Synthesis of10-bromo-8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a:4,5-b′]dipyrazin-9(6H)-one(C31)

Conversion of C30 to the product was carried out via the methoddescribed for synthesis of C1 in Example 1. In this case, thechromatographic gradient employed was 0% to 9% methanol indichloromethane, providing the product as a yellow solid, which by ¹HNMR retained a number of impurities. Yield: 3.0 g, 9.8 mmol, <75%. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.55 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H),4.44-4.48 (m, 2H), 3.84-3.89 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.93 (m, 1H), 0.97-1.04 (m,2H), 0.79-0.86 (m, 2H).

Step 6. Synthesis of10-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a:4,5-1D7d]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(8)

A mixture of C31 (190 mg, 0.62 mmol), (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)boronicacid (220 mg, 1.26 mmol) and cesium fluoride (380 mg, 2.50 mmol) in1,4-dioxane (8 mL) was degassed with nitrogen for 2 minutes. Afteraddition ofbis[di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine]dichloropalladium(II)(22 mg, 31 μmol), the reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 18hours. Volatiles were removed in vacuo, and the residue was subjected tosilica gel chromatography (Gradient: ethyl acetate in petroleum ether)followed by preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel (Eluent:1:1 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate) to afford the product as a yellowsolid. Yield: 32.2 mg, 90.2 μmol, 15%. LCMS m/z 356.8 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.57 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.69(dd, J=10.4, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (br dd, J=8.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (dd,J=8.0, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.46-4.52 (m, 2H), 3.87-3.93 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.92 (m,1H), 0.96-1.02 (m, 2H), 0.76-0.83 (m, 2H).

Example 95-(4-Chlorophenyl)-7-cyclopropyl-8,9-dihydropyrido[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-6(7H)-one(9)

Step 1. Synthesis of (2-bromopyridin-3-yl)(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (C32)

n-Butyllithium (2.5 M in hexanes, 0.56 mL, 1.4 mmol) was added drop-wiseto a 0° C. solution of n-butylmagnesium chloride (2.0 M in diethylether, 0.35 mL, 0.70 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL). After it hadstirred for 10 minutes, the mixture was cooled to −78° C. and treateddrop-wise with a solution of 2,3-dibromopyridine (474 mg, 2.00 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (2 mL). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at −78°C. for 30 minutes, whereupon 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (422 mg, 3.00 mmol)was added; stirring was continued at −78° C. for 10 minutes, then at 0°C. for 10 minutes. Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution wasadded, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combinedorganic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 5% to 45%ethyl acetate in heptane) afforded the product as a colorless gum.Yield: 0.28 g, 0.94 mmol, 47%. LCMS m/z 297.9, 299.9, 301.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.31 (ddd, J=4.7, 2.0, 0.3 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (ddd,J=7.7, 2.0, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.35 (m, 4H), 7.33 (ddd, J=7.7, 4.7, 0.5Hz, 1H), 6.13 (br s, 1H).

Step 2. Synthesis of (2-bromopyridin-3-yl)(4-chlorophenyl)methanone(C33)

A mixture of C32 (0.28 g, 0.94 mmol) and manganese(IV) oxide (815 mg,9.37 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for16 hours. The reaction mixture was then filtered through diatomaceousearth using additional dichloromethane, and the filtrate wasconcentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 40%ethyl acetate in heptane) provided the product as a white solid. Yield:203 mg, 0.684 mmol, 73%. LCMS m/z 295.9, 297.9, 299.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.55 (dd, J=4.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (br d, J=8.5 Hz,2H), 7.67 (dd, J=7.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (dd,J=7.5, 4.8 Hz, 1H).

Step 3. Synthesis of 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-cyclopropyl-8,9dihydropyrido[3′,2′:4,5]-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-6(7H)-one (9)

A mixture of C33 (137 mg, 0.462 mmol), 1-cyclopropylpiperazin-2-one(97.9 mg, 0.554 mmol) and cesium carbonate (903 mg, 2.77 mmol) intoluene (1 mL) was treated with a mixture of palladium(II) acetate (5.2mg, 23 μmol) and 1,1′-binaphthalene-2,2′-diylbis(diphenylphosphane)(BINAP, 14.3 mg, 23.0 μmol) in toluene (0.5 mL) that had been stirred atroom temperature for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated at 120°C. for 16 hours, then filtered. The filtrate was purified via silica gelchromatography (Gradient: 10% to 100% ethyl acetate in heptane);subsequent crystallization from ethyl acetate/heptane afforded theproduct as a white solid. Yield: 83 mg, 0.25 mmol, 54%. LCMS m/z 338.1,340.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.48 (dd, J=4.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H),8.00 (dd, J=8.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (br AB quartet, J_(AB)=8.7 Hz,Δν_(AB)=44.1 Hz, 4H), 7.22 (dd, J=8.0, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.38-4.44 (m, 2H),3.76-3.82 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.87 (m, 1H), 0.69-0.82 (m, 4H).

Example 10(7R)-10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7-methyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(10)

Step 1. Synthesis of 2,2′-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]imino}diacetic acid(C34)

A mixture of 2,2′-iminodiacetic acid (150 g, 1.13 mol) and aqueoussodium hydroxide solution (2 N, 1.5 L, 3 mol) was stirred at 0° C. for30 minutes. After drop-wise addition of benzyl chloroformate (211 g,1.24 mol) at 0° C., the reaction mixture was stirred at 10° C. for 18hours. The reaction mixture was then washed with ethyl acetate (1 L),and the aqueous layer was acidified to a pH of approximately 2 andextracted with ethyl acetate (2×1 L). These two organic layers werecombined, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuoto provide the product as a yellow gum. Yield: 180 g, 0.674 mol, 60%. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.07 (br s, 2H), 7.27-7.37 (m, 5H), 5.16 (s, 2H),4.19 (br s, 2H), 4.13 (br s, 2H).

Step 2. Synthesis of([(benzyloxy)carbonyl]{2-[methoxy(methyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}amino)aceticacid (C35)

To a solution of C34 (180 g, 0.674 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (900mL) was added 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimidehydrochloride (EDCl, 97 g, 0.51 mol), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (65 g,0.50 mol) and N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (46 g, 0.47 mol),and the reaction mixture was stirred at 10° C. for 18 hours. Afterremoval of solvent in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate(2 L), washed with 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid, and extracted withaqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The aqueous sodium bicarbonatephase was adjusted to a pH of approximately 2 with aqueous hydrochloricacid and then extracted with ethyl acetate (2 L). The combined organiclayers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution,dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reducedpressure to afford the product as a yellow gum (155 g), which waspresumed to consist of a mixture of rotamers from examination of its ¹HNMR spectrum. This material was taken directly to the following step. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), characteristic peaks: δ 7.29-7.40 (m, 5H),5.14-5.21 (m, 2H), 3.51 and 3.81 (2 s, total 3H), 3.30 and 3.21 (2 s,total 3H).

Step 3. Synthesis of N-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-N-(2-oxopropyl)glycine(C36)

Methylmagnesium bromide (3.0 M solution in diethyl ether, 670 mL, 2.0mol) was added drop-wise to a 0° C. solution of C35 (from the previousreaction, 155 g, ≤0.47 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 L), and the resultingmixture was allowed to warm slowly to 12° C. and stir at thattemperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched by additionof saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution, adjusted to a pH ofapproximately 2 with aqueous hydrochloric acid, and extracted with ethylacetate. The organic layer was basified via addition of 1 N aqueoussodium hydroxide solution; the basic aqueous phase was washed with ethylacetate, then acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid to a pH ofapproximately 2 and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 L). This organicextract was washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution,dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo toprovide the crude product (60 g) as a red oil, which was used directlyin the following step.

Step 4. Synthesis ofN-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-N-[2-(cyclopropylamino)propyl]glycine (C37)

To a solution of C36 (60 g, ≤230 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 L) wereadded cyclopropylamine (39 g, 0.68 mol), sodium triacetoxyborohydride(145 g, 0.684 mol) and acetic acid (20 mL), and the reaction mixture wasstirred at 13° C. for 3 days. Removal of solvents in vacuo afforded thecrude product as an orange oil, which was used directly in the nextstep.

Step 5. Synthesis of benzyl4-cyclopropyl-3-methyl-5-oxopiperazine-1-carboxylate (C38)

1-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCl, 200g, 1.04 mol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (215 g, 1.66 mol) were addedto a solution of C37 (from the previous step) in N,N-dimethylformamide(2 L), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 14° C. for 18 hours. Thereaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and theresidue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (1.5 L), washed sequentially with1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonatesolution, and saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried oversodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification viasilica gel chromatography (Gradient: 30% to 100% ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether) provided the product as a yellow oil. Yield: 18 g, 62.4mmol, 13% over four steps. LCMS m/z 288.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.30-7.41 (m, 5H), 5.16 (AB quartet, J_(AB)=12.4 Hz,Δν_(AB)=7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.23-4.36 (br m, 1H), 3.97 (d, J=18.2 Hz, 1H),3.69-3.84 (br m, 1H), 3.36-3.60 (br m, 2H), 2.60-2.69 (m, 1H), 1.21-1.33(br m, 3H), 1.00-1.10 (m, 1H), 0.69-0.80 (m, 2H), 0.48-0.61 (br m, 1H).

Step 6. Isolation of benzyl(3R)-4-cyclopropyl-3-methyl-5-oxopiperazine-1-carboxylate (C39) andbenzyl (3S)-4-cyclopropyl-3-methyl-5-oxopiperazine-1-carboxylate (C40)

Compound C38 (2.60 g, 9.02 mmol) was separated into its componentenantiomers via supercritical fluid chromatography (Column: PhenomenexLux Cellulose-4; Eluent: 3:1 carbon dioxide/methanol). The first-elutingenantiomer, obtained as a solid that exhibited a negative (−) rotation,was designated as C39. Yield: 1.0 g, 3.5 mmol, 39%. The second-elutingenantiomer, obtained as a gum with a positive (+) rotation, wasdesignated as C40. Yield: 1.0 g, 3.5 mmol, 39%. The absoluteconfiguration of these two compounds was assigned as indicated on thebasis of X-ray crystal structure determination on the product derivedfrom C39; see X-ray data for Example 10 below. C39: LCMS m/z 289.2[M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.30-7.41 (m, 5H), 5.16 (AB quartet,J_(AB)=12.5 Hz, Δν_(AB)=7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (br d, J=18.0 Hz, 1H), 3.96(d, J=18.0 Hz, 1H), 3.70-3.84 (br m, 1H), 3.37-3.59 (br m, 2H),2.60-2.69 (m, 1H), 1.21-1.33 (br m, 3H), 1.00-1.10 (m, 1H), 0.69-0.80(m, 2H), 0.48-0.61 (br m, 1H). C40: LCMS m/z 289.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.30-7.41 (m, 5H), 5.16 (AB quartet, J_(AB)=12.4 Hz,Δν_(AB)=7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (br d, J=18 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (d, J=18.2 Hz, 1H),3.70-3.84 (br m, 1H), 3.47-3.59 (br m, 1H), 3.42 (br d, J=13.5 Hz, 1H),2.60-2.68 (m, 1H), 1.22-1.32 (br m, 3H), 1.00-1.10 (m, 1H), 0.69-0.79(m, 2H), 0.49-0.60 (br m, 1H).

Step 7. Synthesis of (6R)-1-cyclopropyl-6-methylpiperazin-2-one (C41)

Palladium on carbon (10%, wet, 40 mg) was added to a solution of C39(200 mg, 0.694 mmol) in ethanol (12 mL), and the reaction mixture washydrogenated on a Parr shaker at 50 psi hydrogen for 18 hours, thenfiltered through diatomaceous earth. The filtrate was concentrated invacuo to afford the product as an oil. Yield: 103 mg, 0.668 mmol, 96%.LCMS m/z 155.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.47 (AB quartet,J_(AB)=17.3 Hz, Δν_(AB)=11.6 Hz, 2H), 3.41-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.13 (dd,J=13.2, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (dd, J=13.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 2.56-2.63 (m, 1H),1.31 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.02-1.11 (m, 1H), 0.66-0.76 (m, 2H), 0.53-0.62(m, 1H).

Step 8. Synthesis of (3-bromopyridin-2-yl)(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (C42)

This compound was synthesized using the method of P. C. Gros and F.Elaachbouni, Chem. Commun. 2008, 4813-4815.[(Trimethylsilyl)methyl]lithium (1.0 M solution in pentane, 12.7 mL,12.7 mmol) was added drop-wise to a 0° C. solution of2-(dimethylamino)ethanol (423 μL, 4.22 mmol) in toluene (14 mL), and themixture was stirred for 20 minutes. It was then cooled to −30° C. andtreated with a solution of 2,3-dibromopyridine (1.0 g, 4.2 mmol) intoluene (6 mL). After the reaction mixture had been stirred for 40minutes at −30° C., a solution of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (99%, 899 mg,6.33 mmol) in toluene (5 mL) was added in a drop-wise manner, andstirring was continued for 30 minutes at −30° C. At this point, thereaction was quenched via addition of saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate solution (25 mL), and the mixture was allowed to warm toroom temperature. It was extracted three times with ethyl acetate, andthe combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride solution, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 40% ethyl acetatein heptane) afforded the product as a white solid. Yield: 949 mg, 3.18mmol, 76%. LCMS m/z 298.0, 300.0, 302.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 8.60 (dd, J=4.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (dd, J=8.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.32(m, 4H), 7.20 (dd, J=8.0, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 5.95 (s, 1H), 5.27 (br s, 1H).

Step 9. Synthesis of (3-bromopyridin-2-yl)(4-chlorophenyl)methanone(C43)

Compound C42 was converted to the product according to the generalprocedure for the synthesis of C33 in Example 9, except that nochromatographic purification was carried out. The product was obtainedas a white solid. Yield: 257 mg, 0.867 mmol, 98%. LCMS m/z 295.9, 297.9,300.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.63 (dd, J=4.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H),8.04 (dd, J=8.2, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (br d,J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.2, 4.7 Hz, 1H).

Step 10. Synthesis of(7R)-10-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7-methyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(10)

Compound C43 was reacted with C41 according to the general procedure forthe synthesis of 9 in Example 9. In this case, after the silica gelchromatography, the resulting yellow glassy solid (155 mg) was treatedwith diethyl ether (1 mL) and concentrated in vacuo; the residue wasmixed with diethyl ether (1 mL) and pentane (1 mL), and treatedportion-wise with additional pentane until solid stopped precipitatingfrom solution. Solvents were removed in vacuo, and residual material wasrinsed into the product with ethyl acetate. Concentration under reducedpressure provided a light yellow solid (135 mg). This was mixed withpentane (1.5 mL), subjected to sonication for 3 minutes, then allowed tostand for 30 minutes. After removal of the pentane with a pipette, theresidue was dried under vacuum to afford the product as a nearly whitesolid. Yield: 115 mg, 0.327 mmol, 57%. LCMS m/z 352.2, 354.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.62 (dd, J=4.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (br d, J=8.5Hz, 2H), 7.67 (dd, J=8.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.30(dd, J=8.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=12.1, 4.1 Hz,1H), 4.22 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=12.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.02-4.10 (m,1H), 2.80-2.86 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.09-1.17 (m, 1H),0.87-0.94 (m, 1H), 0.78-0.86 (m, 1H), 0.57-0.64 (m, 1H).

A portion of compound 10 was recrystallized from tert-butyl methyl etherand hexanes. One of the resulting crystals was subjected to X-raystructural analysis, which established the absolute stereochemistry asshown. The crystallographic data is provided below.

Single Crystal X-Ray Analysis of Example 10

Data collection was performed on a Bruker APEX diffractometer at roomtemperature. Data collection consisted of omega and phi scans. The datacollection was quite long, with the crystal small and weaklydiffracting. The crystal was found to be twinned non-merohedrally, andwas refined as such, separating the domains during integration.

The structure was solved by direct methods using SHELX software suite inthe space group P1. The structure was subsequently refined by thefull-matrix least squares method. All non-hydrogen atoms were found andrefined using anisotropic displacement parameters. Overlaying the fourmolecules in the asymmetric unit shows them to be almost identical.Cell_now, platon and frame files suggest that the asymmetric unit iscorrectly identified, with four independent molecules.

All hydrogen atoms were placed in calculated positions and were allowedto ride on their carrier atoms. The final refinement included isotropicdisplacement parameters for all hydrogen atoms.

The absolute configuration is based on examination of the Flackparameter. In this case, the Flack parameter=0.0729 with esd 0.0197,within range for absolute configuration.

The final R-index was 4.8%. A final difference Fourier revealed nomissing or misplaced electron density.

Pertinent crystal, data collection and refinement are summarized inTable 1. Atomic coordinates, bond lengths, bond angles, torsion anglesand displacement parameters are listed in Tables 2-5.

SOFTWARE AND REFERENCES

-   SHELXTL, Version 5.1, Bruker AXS, 1997.-   PLATON, A. L. Spek, J. Appl. Cryst. 2003, 36, 7-13.-   MERCURY, C. F. Macrae, P. R. Edington, P. McCabe, E. Pidcock, G. P.    Shields,-   R. Taylor, M. Towler and J. van de Streek, J. Appl. Cryst. 2006, 39,    453-457.-   R. W. Hooft et al., J. Appl. Cryst. 2008, 41, 96-103.-   H. D. Flack, Acta Cryst. 1983, A39, 867-881.

TABLE 1 Crystal data and structure refinement for 10. Empirical formulaC₂₀H₁₈ClN₃O Formula weight 351.82 Temperature 298(2) K Wavelength1.54178 Å Crystal system Triclinic Space group P1 Unit cell dimensions a= 9.4957(5) Å α = 111.160(3)°. b = 12.2095(7) Å β = 91.353(3)°. c =16.3038(9) Å γ = 92.260(3)°. Volume 1759.95(17) Å³ Z 4 Density(calculated) 1.328 Mg/m³ Absorption coefficient 2.017 mm⁻¹ F(000) 736Crystal size 0.25 × 0.08 × 0.05 mm³ Theta range for data collection 2.91to 54.36°. Index ranges −10 <= h <= 9, −12 <= k <= 11, 0 <= l <= 17Reflections collected 4247 Independent reflections 4247 [R(int) =0.0000] Completeness to theta = 54.36° 98.9% Absorption correctionEmpirical Max. and min. transmission 0.9059 and 0.6326 Refinement methodFull-matrix least- squares on F² Data/restraints/parameters 4247/3/905Goodness-of-fit on F² 1.038 Final R indices [l > 2sigma(l)] R1 = 0.0484,wR2 = 0.1173 R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0590, wR2 = 0.1241 Absolutestructure parameter 0.07(2) Largest diff. peak and hole 0.429 and −0.183e.Å⁻³

TABLE 2 Atomic coordinates (× 10⁴) and equivalent isotropic displacementparameters (Å² × 10³) for 10 U(eq) is defined as one third of the traceof the orthogonalized U^(ij) tensor x y z U(eq) C(1) 2819(7) 7758(6)1067(4) 54(2) C(2) 2816(10) 5873(8) 971(7) 92(3) C(3) 2645(10) 5462(8)67(7) 89(3) C(4) 2536(8) 6217(7) −379(5) 71(2) C(5) 2627(7) 7386(6)152(5) 54(2) C(6) 2866(6) 9029(6) 1423(4) 52(2) C(7) 2734(7) 9361(6)697(4) 52(2) C(8) 2841(7) 10521(7) 611(5) 59(2) C(9) 1702(7) 9531(6)−857(4) 60(2) C(10) 2456(8) 8456(7) −921(4) 66(2) C(11) 2460(10)11682(8) −280(6) 90(3) C(12) 3770(12) 12211(12) −383(9) 138(5) C(13)2760(13) 11790(10) −1124(7) 116(4) C(14) 149(8) 9440(8) −707(5) 77(2)C(15) 2969(7) 9747(6) 2363(4) 54(2) C(16) 2150(8) 10699(7) 2708(5) 69(2)C(17) 2166(9) 11365(7) 3601(5) 71(2) C(18) 3015(8) 11071(6) 4154(4)62(2) C(19) 3852(9) 10122(7) 3843(5) 75(2) C(20) 3818(8) 9464(6) 2937(5)67(2) C(21) 5586(6) 5928(6) 8160(4) 52(2) C(22) 5138(9) 4040(8) 7290(5)76(2) C(23) 5399(9) 3643(7) 7981(6) 76(2) C(24) 5767(8) 4431(7) 8807(5)69(2) C(25) 5864(6) 5605(6) 8882(4) 52(2) C(26) 5802(6) 7201(6) 8451(4)49(2) C(27) 6166(7) 7559(6) 9334(4) 48(2) C(28) 6408(7) 8757(6) 10032(4)52(2) C(29) 7533(7) 7741(6) 10930(4) 54(2) C(30) 6474(7) 6728(6)10504(4) 55(2) C(31) 7233(8) 9958(6) 11483(4) 65(2) C(32) 8427(10)10740(7) 11513(5) 87(3) C(33) 8380(9) 10184(7) 12171(5) 78(2) C(34)9006(7) 7443(6) 10604(5) 64(2) C(35) 5609(6) 7899(6) 7892(4) 49(2) C(36)6435(7) 8917(6) 7997(5) 62(2) C(37) 6170(8) 9578(6) 7484(5) 66(2) C(38)5054(8) 9268(7) 6884(4) 57(2) C(39) 4253(8) 8265(7) 6739(4) 62(2) C(40)4512(7) 7591(6) 7243(4) 57(2) C(41) 450(6) 8270(6) 6292(5) 57(2) C(42)64(9) 10131(9) 7121(6) 92(3) C(43) 254(9) 10515(8) 6433(7) 88(3) C(44)565(8) 9732(7) 5628(5) 72(2) C(45) 687(7) 8585(7) 5561(5) 59(2) C(46)604(6) 6999(7) 6011(4) 58(2) C(47) 914(6) 6657(6) 5134(4) 53(2) C(48)1088(7) 5460(7) 4467(4) 58(2) C(49) 2132(7) 6486(6) 3549(4) 55(2) C(50)1170(7) 7477(6) 3961(4) 59(2) C(51) 1900(8) 4282(7) 3051(5) 70(2) C(52)756(12) 3406(9) 2572(6) 104(3) C(53) 1654(11) 3987(8) 2101(5) 98(3)C(54) 3658(8) 6818(8) 3878(6) 79(2) C(55) 468(6) 6309(6) 6583(4) 57(2)C(56) 1320(7) 5393(7) 6514(5) 64(2) C(57) 1140(8) 4721(7) 7017(5) 68(2)C(58) 106(9) 4950(8) 7622(5) 70(2) C(59) −746(8) 5875(8) 7715(5) 73(2)C(60) −564(7) 6568(7) 7218(4) 60(2) C(61) 7319(6) 6558(6) 3410(4) 51(2)C(62) 7332(8) 8464(8) 3511(6) 73(2) C(63) 7243(8) 8859(7) 4421(5) 71(2)C(64) 7181(7) 8088(6) 4848(5) 59(2) C(65) 7209(6) 6900(6) 4314(4) 48(2)C(66) 7323(7) 5319(6) 3047(4) 55(2) C(67) 7220(7) 4967(6) 3750(4) 52(2)C(68) 7314(7) 3788(7) 3824(4) 56(2) C(69) 6304(6) 4683(6) 5271(4) 52(2)C(70) 7057(7) 5842(6) 5386(4) 54(2) C(71) 7187(7) 2650(6) 4755(4) 59(2)C(72) 8594(9) 2202(7) 4767(6) 80(2) C(73) 7825(10) 2666(8) 5592(6) 84(2)C(74) 4747(7) 4639(7) 5044(5) 72(2) C(75) 7429(8) 4579(6) 2102(4) 59(2)C(76) 6651(9) 3514(7) 1707(5) 71(2) C(77) 6872(9) 2797(7) 847(5) 77(2)C(78) 7815(9) 3178(7) 379(4) 69(2) C(79) 8561(9) 4217(7) 732(5) 74(2)C(80) 8367(8) 4937(6) 1586(4) 63(2) Cl(01) 3045(3) 11885(2) 5266(1)93(1) Cl(02) 4685(3) 10170(2) 6283(1) 98(1) Cl(03) 8100(3) 2264(2)−718(1) 103(1) Cl(04) −200(3) 4067(2) 8219(2) 103(1) N(1) 2891(7)7008(6) 1502(4) 76(2) N(2) 2559(5) 8372(5) −63(3) 54(1) N(3) 2431(6)10554(5) −181(3) 58(1) N(4) 5237(6) 5150(6) 7352(3) 63(2) N(5) 6246(5)6603(5) 9589(3) 51(1) N(6) 7041(6) 8805(4) 10786(3) 52(1) N(7) 140(6)9025(7) 7089(4) 74(2) N(8) 975(5) 7622(5) 4871(4) 56(1) N(9) 1583(6)5426(5) 3682(3) 56(1) N(10) 7372(6) 7338(6) 2994(4) 65(2) N(11) 7132(5)5928(5) 4522(3) 49(1) N(12) 7051(5) 3738(5) 4626(3) 51(1) O(1) 3294(6)11398(5) 1227(3) 82(2) O(2) 6008(5) 9626(4) 9901(3) 68(1) O(3) 783(6)4578(5) 4620(3) 81(2) O(4) 7650(6) 2929(5) 3214(3) 80(2)

TABLE 3 Bond lengths [Å] and angles [°] for 10 C(1)-N(1) 1.348(9)C(1)-C(5) 1.398(9) C(1)-C(6) 1.445(10) C(2)-N(1) 1.341(11) C(2)-C(3)1.377(13) C(3)-C(4) 1.370(12) C(4)-C(5) 1.374(10) C(5)-N(2) 1.374(8)C(6)-C(7) 1.388(9) C(6)-C(15) 1.463(9) C(7)-N(2) 1.384(8) C(7)-C(8)1.473(10) C(8)-O(1) 1.228(8) C(8)-N(3) 1.354(9) C(9)-N(3) 1.468(9)C(9)-C(10) 1.491(10) C(9)-C(14) 1.507(10) C(10)-N(2) 1.440(8)C(11)-C(12) 1.420(14) C(11)-N(3) 1.444(10) C(11)-C(13) 1.461(12)C(12)-C(13) 1.449(14) C(15)-C(20) 1.366(9) C(15)-C(16) 1.376(10)C(16)-C(17) 1.387(10) C(17)-C(18) 1.347(10) C(18)-C(19) 1.378(11)C(18)-Cl(01) 1.723(7) C(19)-C(20) 1.401(10) C(21)-N(4) 1.342(8)C(21)-C(25) 1.392(9) C(21)-C(26) 1.457(9) C(22)-N(4) 1.322(10)C(22)-C(23) 1.400(12) C(23)-C(24) 1.370(11) C(24)-C(25) 1.394(10)C(25)-N(5) 1.370(8) C(26)-C(27) 1.377(9) C(26)-C(35) 1.469(9) C(27)-N(5)1.376(8) C(27)-C(28) 1.499(9) C(28)-O(2) 1.228(8) C(28)-N(6) 1.337(8)C(29)-N(6) 1.492(8) C(29)-C(30) 1.507(9) C(29)-C(34) 1.519(9) C(30)-N(5)1.455(8) C(31)-C(32) 1.442(11) C(31)-N(6) 1.456(8) C(31)-C(33) 1.488(11)C(32)-C(33) 1.463(11) C(35)-C(36) 1.397(9) C(35)-C(40) 1.405(9)C(36)-C(37) 1.380(10) C(37)-C(38) 1.369(10) C(38)-C(39) 1.357(10)C(38)-Cl(02) 1.758(7) C(39)-C(40) 1.380(10) C(41)-N(7) 1.341(9)C(41)-C(45) 1.398(10) C(41)-C(46) 1.466(10) C(42)-N(7) 1.337(11)C(42)-C(43) 1.376(13) C(43)-C(44) 1.364(11) C(44)-C(45) 1.375(11)C(45)-N(8) 1.345(9) C(46)-C(47) 1.380(9) C(46)-C(55) 1.470(10)C(47)-N(8) 1.391(8) C(47)-C(48) 1.492(10) C(48)-O(3) 1.216(8) C(48)-N(9)1.361(8) C(49)-N(9) 1.466(8) C(49)-C(50) 1.510(10) C(49)-C(54) 1.519(10)C(50)-N(8) 1.447(8) C(51)-N(9) 1.452(9) C(51)-C(53) 1.469(11)C(51)-C(52) 1.483(12) C(52)-C(53) 1.482(13) C(55)-C(56) 1.379(10)C(55)-C(60) 1.403(9) C(56)-C(57) 1.361(10) C(57)-C(58) 1.372(10)C(58)-C(59) 1.381(11) C(58)-Cl(04) 1.716(8) C(59)-C(60) 1.377(11)C(61)-N(10) 1.354(8) C(61)-C(65) 1.387(9) C(61)-C(66) 1.413(10)C(62)-N(10) 1.330(9) C(62)-C(63) 1.390(11) C(63)-C(64) 1.358(10)C(64)-C(65) 1.398(10) C(65)-N(11) 1.347(8) C(66)-C(67) 1.366(9)C(66)-C(75) 1.485(9) C(67)-N(11) 1.385(8) C(67)-C(68) 1.492(10)C(68)-O(4) 1.216(8) C(68)-N(12) 1.360(8) C(69)-N(12) 1.472(8)C(69)-C(70) 1.507(9) C(69)-C(74) 1.509(10) C(70)-N(11) 1.452(8)C(71)-N(12) 1.428(8) C(71)-C(72) 1.466(10) C(71)-C(73) 1.474(11)C(72)-C(73) 1.481(11) C(75)-C(76) 1.396(10) C(75)-C(80) 1.401(10)C(76)-C(77) 1.386(10) C(77)-C(78) 1.362(11) C(78)-C(79) 1.351(11)C(78)-Cl(03) 1.766(7) C(79)-C(80) 1.374(10) N(1)-C(1)-C(5) 123.1(7)N(1)-C(1)-C(6) 128.6(6) C(5)-C(1)-C(6) 108.3(6) N(1)-C(2)-C(3) 125.5(8)C(4)-C(3)-C(2) 121.4(8) C(3)-C(4)-C(5) 114.1(8) N(2)-C(5)-C(4) 130.0(7)N(2)-C(5)-C(1) 107.6(6) C(4)-C(5)-C(1) 122.3(7) C(7)-C(6)-C(1) 105.2(6)C(7)-C(6)-C(15) 130.1(6) C(1)-C(6)-C(15) 124.6(6) N(2)-C(7)-C(6)109.8(6) N(2)-C(7)-C(8) 118.2(6) C(6)-C(7)-C(8) 131.8(6) O(1)-C(8)-N(3)122.7(6) O(1)-C(8)-C(7) 121.0(6) N(3)-C(8)-C(7) 116.3(6) N(3)-C(9)-C(10)108.8(5) N(3)-C(9)-C(14) 112.5(6) C(10)-C(9)-C(14) 113.7(6)N(2)-C(10)-C(9) 109.1(5) C(12)-C(11)-N(3) 119.5(9) C(12)-C(11)-C(13)60.4(7) N(3)-C(11)-C(13) 121.1(8) C(11)-C(12)-C(13) 61.2(7)C(12)-C(13)-C(11) 58.4(7) C(20)-C(15)-C(16) 117.4(6) C(20)-C(15)-C(6)121.6(6) C(16)-C(15)-C(6) 120.9(6) C(15)-C(16)-C(17) 122.6(7)C(18)-C(17)-C(16) 118.9(7) C(17)-C(18)-C(19) 120.8(6) C(17)-C(18)-Cl(01)119.6(6) C(19)-C(18)-Cl(01) 119.6(6) C(18)-C(19)-C(20) 119.2(7)C(15)-C(20)-C(19) 121.1(7) N(4)-C(21)-C(25) 123.4(6) N(4)-C(21)-C(26)128.9(6) C(25)-C(21)-C(26) 107.7(5) N(4)-C(22)-C(23) 125.3(7)C(24)-C(23)-C(22) 120.2(7) C(23)-C(24)-C(25) 115.1(7) N(5)-C(25)-C(21)108.1(6) N(5)-C(25)-C(24) 130.6(7) C(21)-C(25)-C(24) 121.2(6)C(27)-C(26)-C(21) 104.9(5) C(27)-C(26)-C(35) 129.9(6) C(21)-C(26)-C(35)125.2(6) N(5)-C(27)-C(26) 110.5(6) N(5)-C(27)-C(28) 117.6(5)C(26)-C(27)-C(28) 131.8(6) O(2)-C(28)-N(6) 123.5(6) O(2)-C(28)-C(27)120.1(6) N(6)-C(28)-C(27) 116.4(6) N(6)-C(29)-C(30) 109.1(5)N(6)-C(29)-C(34) 112.2(5) C(30)-C(29)-C(34) 111.8(6) N(5)-C(30)-C(29)108.1(5) C(32)-C(31)-N(6) 121.3(6) C(32)-C(31)-C(33) 59.9(6)N(6)-C(31)-C(33) 120.0(6) C(31)-C(32)-C(33) 61.6(6) C(32)-C(33)-C(31)58.5(5) C(36)-C(35)-C(40) 116.6(6) C(36)-C(35)-C(26) 122.9(6)C(40)-C(35)-C(26) 120.3(6) C(37)-C(36)-C(35) 120.9(6) C(38)-C(37)-C(36)120.3(7) C(39)-C(38)-C(37) 120.7(6) C(39)-C(38)-Cl(02) 120.0(6)C(37)-C(38)-Cl(02) 119.3(6) C(38)-C(39)-C(40) 119.5(6) C(39)-C(40)-C(35)121.8(7) N(7)-C(41)-C(45) 124.5(7) N(7)-C(41)-C(46) 128.4(7)C(45)-C(41)-C(46) 107.1(6) N(7)-C(42)-C(43) 126.3(8) C(44)-C(43)-C(42)119.6(8) C(43)-C(44)-C(45) 116.6(8) N(8)-C(45)-C(44) 130.9(7)N(8)-C(45)-C(41) 109.3(6) C(44)-C(45)-C(41) 119.8(7) C(47)-C(46)-C(41)104.4(6) C(47)-C(46)-C(55) 130.5(7) C(41)-C(46)-C(55) 125.0(6)C(46)-C(47)-N(8) 110.6(6) C(46)-C(47)-C(48) 130.1(7) N(8)-C(47)-C(48)119.2(6) O(3)-C(48)-N(9) 122.8(6) O(3)-C(48)-C(47) 121.4(6)N(9)-C(48)-C(47) 115.7(6) N(9)-C(49)-C(50) 109.4(5) N(9)-C(49)-C(54)112.8(6) C(50)-C(49)-C(54) 112.3(6) N(8)-C(50)-C(49) 109.7(6)N(9)-C(51)-C(53) 121.3(7) N(9)-C(51)-C(52) 121.1(7) C(53)-C(51)-C(52)60.3(6) C(53)-C(52)-C(51) 59.4(6) C(51)-C(53)-C(52) 60.3(6)C(56)-C(55)-C(60) 118.0(7) C(56)-C(55)-C(46) 122.2(6) C(60)-C(55)-C(46)119.8(6) C(57)-C(56)-C(55) 121.7(6) C(56)-C(57)-C(58) 120.5(8)C(57)-C(58)-C(59) 119.0(7) C(57)-C(58)-Cl(04) 121.2(7)C(59)-C(58)-Cl(04) 119.7(6) C(60)-C(59)-C(58) 121.1(6) C(59)-C(60)-C(55)119.7(7) N(10)-C(61)-C(65) 122.6(6) N(10)-C(61)-C(66) 129.0(6)C(65)-C(61)-C(66) 108.4(6) N(10)-C(62)-C(63) 124.3(7) C(64)-C(63)-C(62)120.8(7) C(63)-C(64)-C(65) 115.7(6) N(11)-C(65)-C(61) 108.6(6)N(11)-C(65)-C(64) 130.5(6) C(61)-C(65)-C(64) 121.0(6) C(67)-C(66)-C(61)105.0(6) C(67)-C(66)-C(75) 128.4(6) C(61)-C(66)-C(75) 126.6(6)C(66)-C(67)-N(11) 110.6(6) C(66)-C(67)-C(68) 131.7(6) N(11)-C(67)-C(68)117.5(5) O(4)-C(68)-N(12) 121.6(6) O(4)-C(68)-C(67) 122.4(6)N(12)-C(68)-C(67) 116.0(6) N(12)-C(69)-C(70) 108.4(5) N(12)-C(69)-C(74)113.0(6) C(70)-C(69)-C(74) 113.7(6) N(11)-C(70)-C(69) 107.7(5)N(12)-C(71)-C(72) 119.1(6) N(12)-C(71)-C(73) 118.8(6) C(72)-C(71)-C(73)60.5(5) C(71)-C(72)-C(73) 60.0(5) C(71)-C(73)-C(72) 59.5(5)C(76)-C(75)-C(80) 118.0(6) C(76)-C(75)-C(66) 122.5(6) C(80)-C(75)-C(66)119.5(7) C(77)-C(76)-C(75) 120.8(7) C(78)-C(77)-C(76) 118.7(7)C(79)-C(78)-C(77) 122.2(7) C(79)-C(78)-Cl(03) 119.1(6)C(77)-C(78)-Cl(03) 118.7(7) C(78)-C(79)-C(80) 120.1(7) C(79)-C(80)-C(75)120.1(7) C(2)-N(1)-C(1) 113.6(7) C(5)-N(2)-C(7) 109.1(5) C(5)-N(2)-C(10)128.9(6) C(7)-N(2)-C(10) 121.7(6) C(8)-N(3)-C(11) 118.0(6)C(8)-N(3)-C(9) 121.1(6) C(11)-N(3)-C(9) 119.7(6) C(22)-N(4)-C(21)114.9(6) C(25)-N(5)-C(27) 108.8(5) C(25)-N(5)-C(30) 128.2(5)C(27)-N(5)-C(30) 122.3(5) C(28)-N(6)-C(31) 117.0(5) C(28)-N(6)-C(29)122.8(5) C(31)-N(6)-C(29) 120.2(5) C(42)-N(7)-C(41) 113.1(7)C(45)-N(8)-C(47) 108.6(5) C(45)-N(8)-C(50) 130.0(6) C(47)-N(8)-C(50)121.1(5) C(48)-N(9)-C(51) 117.2(5) C(48)-N(9)-C(49) 122.0(5)C(51)-N(9)-C(49) 118.9(5) C(62)-N(10)-C(61) 115.6(6) C(65)-N(11)-C(67)107.5(5) C(65)-N(11)-C(70) 128.8(5) C(67)-N(11)-C(70) 123.6(5)C(68)-N(12)-C(71) 119.0(6) C(68)-N(12)-C(69) 119.9(5) C(71)-N(12)-C(69)119.4(5) Symmetry transformations used to generate equivalent atoms.

TABLE 4 Anisotropic displacement parameters (Å² × 10³) for 10. Theanisotropic displacement factor exponent takes the form: −2π²[h²a*²U¹¹ + . . . + 2 h k a* b* U¹²] U11 U22 U33 U23 U13 U12 C(1) 63(4)55(5) 47(4) 19(4) 17(3) 8(3) C(2) 129(8)  59(7) 96(7) 36(6) 44(6) 11(5) C(3) 111(7)  48(5) 98(7) 14(5) 37(5) 3(4) C(4) 83(5) 47(5) 72(5)  7(5)17(4) 8(4) C(5) 55(4) 46(5) 60(5) 16(4) 17(3) 12(3)  C(6) 56(4) 56(5)46(4) 19(4)  9(3) 8(3) C(7) 67(4) 52(5) 36(4) 13(4)  6(3) 5(3) C(8)70(5) 56(5) 54(5) 23(4) 13(4) 11(4)  C(9) 66(5) 78(5) 37(4) 23(4)  0(3)10(4)  C(10) 71(5) 79(6) 41(4) 10(4) 16(3) 14(4)  C(11) 105(7)  91(7)81(6) 42(5) −5(5) −3(5)  C(12) 110(8)  150(11) 192(13) 114(10) −43(8) −37(8)  C(13) 170(10) 103(8)  99(8) 71(6) −11(7)  −24(7)  C(14) 65(5)87(6) 77(5) 28(4)  2(4) 11(4)  C(15) 66(4) 59(5) 42(4) 23(4)  6(3) 8(3)C(16) 81(5) 81(6) 40(4) 15(4)  5(3) 15(4)  C(17) 89(5) 72(5) 51(5) 20(4)12(4) 19(4)  C(18) 90(5) 57(5) 38(4) 19(4)  3(4) −14(4)  C(19) 101(6) 73(6) 61(5) 40(5) −10(4)  1(5) C(20) 89(5) 59(5) 53(5) 20(4) −1(4) 7(4)C(21) 49(4) 67(5) 38(4) 15(4) 16(3) 4(3) C(22) 93(6) 57(6) 57(5) −3(4)10(4) −11(4)  C(23) 96(6) 46(5) 68(5)  2(4) 14(4) −15(4)  C(24) 76(5)60(5) 63(5) 13(4) 13(4) −3(4)  C(25) 48(4) 46(5) 53(4)  8(4) 10(3) 0(3)C(26) 52(4) 54(4) 42(4) 18(3) 11(3) 4(3) C(27) 59(4) 52(4) 42(4) 26(3) 6(3) 6(3) C(28) 64(4) 55(5) 37(4) 15(4)  3(3) 5(3) C(29) 70(4) 55(4)39(4) 23(3)  2(3) 0(3) C(30) 62(4) 61(4) 47(4) 27(3) 10(3) 4(3) C(31)84(5) 47(4) 50(4)  2(4)  7(4) −1(4)  C(32) 137(8)  57(5) 55(5)  4(4)21(5) −3(5)  C(33) 115(7)  65(5) 47(4) 13(4) −6(4) 1(4) C(34) 60(4)60(5) 78(5) 34(4)  0(4) 4(3) C(35) 47(4) 54(4) 43(4) 15(3) 13(3) 10(3) C(36) 50(4) 73(5) 61(5) 25(4) −6(3) −3(3)  C(37) 77(5) 58(5) 71(5) 35(4) 1(4) 3(4) C(38) 62(4) 76(5) 41(4) 27(4) 14(3) 20(4)  C(39) 64(4) 89(6)32(4) 22(4)  0(3) 10(4)  C(40) 56(4) 68(5) 39(4) 10(4)  1(3) −6(3) C(41) 50(4) 65(5) 49(5) 12(4)  1(3) −2(3)  C(42) 89(6) 81(8) 85(7)  4(6) 6(5) 12(5)  C(43) 91(6) 65(6) 99(7) 21(6)  6(5) 8(4) C(44) 75(5) 67(6)68(5) 18(5) 12(4) 4(4) C(45) 58(4) 59(5) 57(5) 17(4)  5(3) −2(3)  C(46)48(4) 80(6) 40(4) 16(4)  2(3) −6(3)  C(47) 53(4) 60(5) 44(4) 17(4)  5(3)−7(3)  C(48) 65(5) 62(5) 48(4) 22(4)  6(3) −10(3)  C(49) 59(4) 68(5)43(4) 24(4)  9(3) 4(3) C(50) 60(4) 69(5) 49(4) 22(4)  8(3) −2(3)  C(51)86(5) 64(5) 56(5) 17(4)  6(4) −6(4)  C(52) 126(8)  90(7) 90(7) 25(6)−1(6) 5(6) C(53) 144(8)  84(6) 56(5) 11(5) 29(5) 7(6) C(54) 61(5) 94(6)92(6) 46(5) −2(4) −2(4)  C(55) 48(4) 75(5) 42(4) 16(4)  2(3) −2(4) C(56) 52(4) 86(5) 56(4) 30(4) 12(3) −3(4)  C(57) 68(5) 82(5) 54(4) 25(4)10(4) 2(4) C(58) 78(5) 89(6) 45(4) 28(4)  4(4) −17(5)  C(59) 53(4)113(7)  50(5) 27(5) 10(3) −4(4)  C(60) 53(4) 84(5) 41(4) 22(4)  7(3)1(3) C(61) 52(4) 57(5) 52(4) 28(4)  8(3) 3(3) C(62) 85(5) 73(6) 78(6)44(5) 19(4) 8(4) C(63) 86(5) 55(5) 75(6) 24(4) 20(4) 9(4) C(64) 60(4)62(5) 54(4) 21(4) 14(3) 3(3) C(65) 45(4) 60(5) 43(4) 21(4) 13(3) 5(3)C(66) 72(5) 60(5) 37(4) 21(4)  9(3) 4(3) C(67) 59(4) 59(5) 41(4) 20(4)10(3) 2(3) C(68) 72(5) 65(5) 36(4) 24(4)  9(3) −2(4)  C(69) 61(4) 60(4)44(4) 28(3) 19(3) 12(3)  C(70) 62(4) 57(4) 40(4) 16(3)  9(3) −3(3) C(71) 70(5) 57(5) 60(5) 34(4)  3(3) −6(3)  C(72) 89(6) 68(5) 94(6) 42(5)20(5) 14(4)  C(73) 123(7)  70(6) 69(5) 36(5) 14(5) 12(5)  C(74) 64(5)74(5) 89(6) 43(5) 17(4) −5(4)  C(75) 79(5) 54(5) 47(4) 21(4) 11(3)21(4)  C(76) 94(6) 67(5) 57(5) 27(4)  1(4) −10(4)  C(77) 119(7)  67(5)44(5) 18(4) −6(4) 0(4) C(78) 121(6)  59(5) 36(4) 23(4) 18(4) 27(5) C(79) 99(6) 72(6) 62(5) 33(5) 29(4) 26(5)  C(80) 93(5) 57(5) 39(4) 17(4)18(4) 9(4) Cl(01) 151(2)  75(1) 49(1) 20(1) −1(1) −27(1)  Cl(02) 132(2) 105(2)  72(1) 48(1)  3(1) 32(1)  Cl(03) 170(2)  84(2) 49(1) 13(1) 24(1)41(1)  Cl(04) 129(2)  108(2)  88(2) 55(1) 17(1) −20(1)  N(1) 95(5) 64(5)78(4) 33(4) 32(3) 10(3)  N(2) 67(4) 50(4) 41(4) 10(3)  9(2) 11(3)  N(3)76(4) 60(4) 44(4) 25(3)  2(3) 4(3) N(4) 74(4) 62(4) 40(4)  4(3) 15(3)−6(3)  N(5) 58(3) 53(4) 41(3) 17(3)  6(2) 3(3) N(6) 70(3) 47(3) 39(3)16(3)  3(3) 3(2) N(7) 73(4) 84(5) 53(4) 11(4)  4(3) 5(3) N(8) 64(3)51(4) 52(4) 18(3) 11(3) −5(3)  N(9) 75(4) 48(4) 46(3) 17(3) 16(3) −5(3) N(10) 78(4) 63(5) 60(4) 27(4) 16(3) 10(3)  N(11) 61(3) 53(4) 33(3) 17(3)10(2) −5(2)  N(12) 64(3) 54(4) 42(3) 26(3) 11(2) 2(3) O(1) 125(5)  54(3)58(3) 13(3) −2(3) 3(3) O(2) 92(3) 54(3) 56(3) 18(3) −4(2) 16(3)  O(3)120(4)  61(3) 63(3) 26(3) 13(3) −30(3)  O(4) 137(5)  57(3) 45(3) 16(3)28(3) 13(3) 

TABLE 5 Hydrogen coordinates (× 10⁴) and isotropic displacementparameters (Å² × 10³) for 10 x y z U(eq) H(076) 2885 5316 1235 110H(085) 2602 4656 −246 106 H(053) 2411 5961 −988 85 H(088) 1790 9639−1421 72 H(05A) 1944 7764 −1330 80 H(05B) 3392 8500 −1136 80 H(062) 178612231 71 108 H(1A) 4607 11770 −413 166 H(1B) 3917 13055 −86 166 H(09A)2960 11081 −1612 139 H(09B) 2268 12369 −1284 139 H(08C) 21 9305 −168 115H(08D) −295 8798 −1188 115 H(08E) −270 10159 −669 115 H(070) 1562 109042328 83 H(079) 1600 12005 3814 85 H(066) 4432 9920 4228 90 H(052) 43838824 2724 80 H(077) 4873 3477 6742 91 H(060) 5323 2842 7880 91 H(064)5939 4199 9283 82 H(017) 7563 7907 11565 64 H(04A) 6827 6010 10538 65H(04B) 5593 6879 10805 65 H(059) 6358 10347 11693 78 H(08F) 8274 1157511709 105 H(08G) 9104 10468 11055 105 H(07D) 8184 10671 12770 93 H(07E)9016 9561 12116 93 H(06A) 8994 7234 9977 96 H(06B) 9309 6794 10751 96H(06C) 9645 8114 10877 96 H(063) 7174 9152 8418 74 H(073) 6751 102377547 79 H(083) 3535 8034 6304 74 H(041) 3946 6915 7150 68 H(098) −13710695 7660 110 H(092) 170 11304 6517 105 H(074) 690 9962 5148 86 H(049)2100 6318 2914 66 H(03A) 1578 8201 3929 71 H(03B) 265 7303 3641 71H(057) 2736 3945 3210 84 H(09F) 895 2585 2471 125 H(09G) −210 3637 2670125 H(09H) 2339 3519 1710 118 H(09l) 1234 4570 1909 118 H(07A) 3720 70224505 118 H(07B) 3987 7478 3735 118 H(07C) 4229 6163 3602 118 H(065) 20365229 6114 77 H(097) 1723 4102 6950 81 H(081) −1454 6032 8120 87 H(036)−1123 7206 7302 72 H(067) 7365 9023 3247 88 H(095) 7226 9661 4742 86H(038) 7124 8334 5456 70 H(056) 6394 4573 5836 62 H(02A) 6546 6486 577565 H(02B) 7998 5879 5642 65 H(082) 6421 2053 4493 71 H(08A) 9395 26734696 95 H(08B) 8685 1359 4509 95 H(07F) 7444 2107 5837 101 H(07G) 81553421 6024 101 H(09C) 4617 4742 4491 108 H(09D) 4308 5254 5496 108 H(09E)4327 3891 5000 108 H(080) 5976 3283 2024 86 H(099) 6387 2070 594 93H(096) 9207 4445 396 89 H(072) 8860 5663 1822 76

Example 11(7S)-10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7-methyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(11)

Step 1. Synthesis of (6S)-1-cyclopropyl-6-methylpiperazin-2-one (C44)

1-Methylcyclohexa-1,4-diene (1 mL) was added to a solution of C40 (255mg, 0.884 mmol) in ethanol (4 mL), and the mixture was heated to 50° C.Palladium hydroxide on carbon (25 mg, 0.18 mmol) was added in oneportion, and heating was continued at 70° C. for 3 hours. The reactionmixture was filtered through diatomaceous earth, and the filter cake waswashed three times with ethanol; the combined filtrates wereconcentrated in vacuo to afford the product as an oil. Yield: 150 mg,assumed quantitative. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.46-3.57 (m, 3H), 3.19(dd, J=13.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.81 (dd, J=13.1, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 2.56-2.64 (m,1H), 1.33 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 1.03-1.12 (m, 1H), 0.67-0.79 (m, 2H),0.55-0.64 (m, 1H).

Step 2. Synthesis of(7S)-10-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7-methyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(11)

Compound C44 was reacted with C43 according to the general procedure forthe synthesis of 9 in Example 9; the product was obtained as a whitesolid. Yield: 123 mg, 0.350 mmol, 39%. LCMS m/z 352.2. 354.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.63 (dd, J=4.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (br d, J=8.6Hz, 2H), 7.70 (dd, J=8.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (br d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.32(dd, J=8.4, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=12.1, 4.0 Hz,1H), 4.23 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=12.1, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.02-4.10 (m,1H), 2.80-2.86 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.09-1.18 (m, 1H),0.78-0.94 (m, 2H), 0.57-0.65 (m, 1H).

Example 1210-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1(2H)-one(12)

Step 1. Synthesis of ethyl 1-(2-bromoethyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate(C45)

Ethyl 1H-indole-2-carboxylate (4.12 g, 21.8 mmol), 1,2-dibromoethane(4.51 g, 24.0 mmol) and potassium carbonate (4.51 g, 32.6 mmol) werecombined with N,N-dimethylformamide (100 mL) and heated at 100° C. for18 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressureto remove N,N-dimethylformamide, and the residue was diluted with water(100 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×200 mL). The combinedorganic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloridesolution (100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentratedin vacuo; silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 5% to 9% ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether) provided the product as a white solid. Yield: 544 mg,1.84 mmol, 8%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.69 (br d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.46(br d, half of AB quartet, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.22(m, 1H), 4.93 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (q, J=7 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (t, J=7.3Hz, 2H), 1.43 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H)

Step 2. Synthesis of ethyl1-[2-(cyclopropylamino)ethyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxylate (C46)

To a suspension of C45 (544 mg, 1.84 mmol) and potassium carbonate (381mg, 2.76 mmol) in acetonitrile (15 mL) was added cyclopropylamine (4.2g, 73.6 mmol), and the reaction vessel was sealed and heated at 60° C.for 18 hours, then at 80° C. for 4 hours. After solvent had been removedin vacuo, the residue was diluted with water (5 mL) and extracted withethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed withsaturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (15 mL), dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford theproduct as a white solid. Yield: 250 mg, 0.92 mmol, 50%. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.68 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.38(m, 2H), 7.16 (dd, J=7.5, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.38 (q,J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.11 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.13-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.42 (t, J=7.2Hz, 3H), 0.40-0.47 (m, 2H), 0.29-0.35 (m, 2H).

Step 3. Synthesis of2-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1(2H)-one (C47)

To a solution of C46 (100 mg, 0.37 mmol) in methanol (5 mL) was addedcalcium chloride (41 mg, 0.37 mmol), and the reaction mixture wasstirred at 80° C. for 2 days. The mixture was combined with an identicalreaction mixture derived from 100 mg of C46 and concentrated in vacuo,providing a residue that was then diluted with water and extracted withdichloromethane (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed withsaturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (10 mL), dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to providethe product as an off-white solid. Yield: 160 mg, 0.707 mmol, 96%. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.66 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H),7.26-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.10 (dd, J=7.4, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 4.26-4.30(m, 2H), 3.73-3.77 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.88 (m, 1H), 0.78-0.84 (m, 2H),0.70-0.76 (m, 2H).

Step 4. Synthesis of10-bromo-2-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1(2H)-one (C48)

To a −50° C. solution of C47 (200 mg, 0.88 mmol) in dichloromethane (20mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (180 mg, 1.01 mmol). After 5 minutes,the mixture was washed with water (10 mL) and extracted withdichloromethane (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed withsaturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (10 mL), dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford the product as awhite solid. Yield: 200 mg, 0.655 mmol, 74%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.70 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.28-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.27(m, 1H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak), 4.22-4.27 (m, 2H),3.79-3.84 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.87 (m, 1H), 0.94-1.01 (m, 2H), 0.76-0.82 (m,2H).

Step 5. Synthesis of10-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1(2H)-one(12)

A mixture of C48 (100 mg, 0.33 mmol), (4-chlorophenyl)boronic acid (52mg, 0.33 mmol), and cesium carbonate (210 mg, 0.644 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane(4 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was degassed with nitrogen for 2 minutes.Dichlorobis(tricyclohexylphosphine)palladium(II) (36 mg, 49 μmol) wasadded in one portion, and the reaction vessel was sealed and heated at90° C. for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated to drynessand the residue was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography;further purification was carried out using reversed phase HPLC (Column:Phenomenex Gemini C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A: ammonia in water, pH 10;Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 50% to 70% B) to provide theproduct as a white solid. Yield: 13.5 mg, 40.1 μmol, 12%. LCMS m/z 336.9[M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.65 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (br d,J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (br d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.33-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.18 (dd,J=7.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.26-4.32 (m, 2H), 3.83-3.89 (m, 2H), 2.77-2.84 (m,1H), 0.90-0.97 (m, 2H), 0.71-0.78 (m, 2H).

Example 138-Cyclopropyl-10-(4-methylphenyl)pyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(8H)-one(13)

Step 1. Synthesis of ethyl3-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate (C49)

Toluene (10 mL) was degassed via vacuum evacuation followed by nitrogenfill. Subsequent additions of C1 (138 mg, 0.513 mmol) and(4-methylphenyl)boronic acid (140 mg, 1.03 mmol) were each followed bythe same degassing procedure. An aqueous solution of cesium fluoride(1.0 M, 2.56 mL, 2.56 mmol) was introduced, followed by addition of asolution ofbis[di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine]dichloropalladium(II)(45.3 mg, 64 μmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane, and the reaction mixture washeated to 100° C. for 3 hours. After removal of solvent in vacuo,purification via silica gel chromatography (Eluent: 30% ethyl acetate inheptane) afforded the product as a yellow solid. Yield: 137 mg, 0.489mmol, 95%. LCMS m/z 281.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.81 (br s,1H), 8.60 (br d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (br d,J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (dd, J=8.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (br d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),4.33 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 1.25 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

Step 2. Synthesis of ethyl3-(4-methylphenyl)-1-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate(C50)

Powdered anhydrous potassium hydroxide (109 mg, 1.94 mmol) was treatedwith dimethyl sulfoxide (1.0 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 5minutes. This was added to a solution of C49 (136 mg, 0.485 mmol) indimethyl sulfoxide (1.0 mL), and additional dimethyl sulfoxide (0.5 mL)was used to effect complete transfer. 3-Bromoprop-1-ene (82 μL, 0.97mmol) was then added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 10 minutes, whereupon it was carefully neutralized byaddition of 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid. The resulting mixture waspartitioned between water and ethyl acetate; the organic layer was driedover magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to affordthe product as a yellow oil. Yield: 155 mg, 0.484 mmol, 100%. LCMS m/z321.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.58 (br d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.71(br d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (br d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.22-7.27 (m, 3H),5.96-6.07 (m, 1H), 5.14-5.19 (m, 3H), 5.01 (d, J=16.6 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (q,J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 1.11 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

Step 3. Synthesis of3-(4-methylphenyl)-1-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylicacid (C51)

A mixture of C50 (155 mg, 0.484 mmol), cyclopropylamine (98%, 0.346 mL,4.83 mmol) and calcium chloride (53.7 mg, 0.484 mmol) in methanol (5 mL)was heated at 50° C. for 18 hours, then at 65° C. for 5 hours in apressure bottle. By LCMS, the major component was not the intendedamide, but the methyl ester of the starting material. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was dissolved in ethanol (5 mL) and water (6 mL), treated withaqueous sodium hydroxide solution (12 N, 80 μL, 0.96 mmol), and heatedto 70° C. for 7 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness,then slurried in a mixture of ethanol, tetrahydrofuran and water (1:1:1,6 mL). Lithium hydroxide (58 mg, 2.4 mmol) was added, and the reactionmixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 18 hours. Afterremoval of volatiles under reduced pressure, the aqueous residue wasneutralized with 6 N aqueous hydrochloric acid; this was extracted twicewith a 3:1 mixture of chloroform and 2-propanol, and the combinedorganic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo to afford the product as a solid. Yield: 105 mg,0.359 mmol, 74%. LCMS m/z 293.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD),characteristic peaks: δ 8.32 (dd, J=4.9, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (dd, J=8.3,1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (br d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (dd, J=8.3, 5.0 Hz, 1H),7.16 (br d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 5.97-6.08 (m, 1H), 2.32 (br s, 3H).

Step 4. Synthesis ofN-cyclopropyl-3-(4-methylphenyl)-1-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide(C52)

Triethylamine (0.249 mL, 1.80 mmol) and cyclopropylamine (0.124 mL, 1.80mmol) were added to a slurry of C51 (105 mg, 0.359 mmol) in ethylacetate (4 mL), which was then treated with2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphinane 2,4,6-trioxide (T3P,˜50% solution in ethyl acetate, 0.7 mL, 1 mmol). The reaction mixturewas allowed to stir at room temperature for 20 minutes, whereupon it wasquenched by addition of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solutionand extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers weredried over magnesium sulfate, filtered through a ½ inch layer of silicagel, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography (Eluent: 40%ethyl acetate in heptane) provided the product as a white solid. Yield:53 mg, 0.16 mmol, 45%. LCMS m/z 332.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.55 (br d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (br d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (br d, J=7.9Hz, 2H), 7.30 (br d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (dd, J=8.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H),5.99-6.10 (m, 1H), 5.86 (br s, 1H), 5.14-5.19 (m, 3H), 5.04 (d, J=16.4Hz, 1H), 2.69-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 0.69-0.76 (m, 2H), 0.26-0.32(m, 2H).

Step 5. Synthesis of8-cyclopropyl-7-hydroxy-10-(4-methylphenyl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(C53)

Osmium tetroxide (2.5 weight percent solution in tert-butanol, 0.8 mL,60 μmol) was added to a solution of C52 (53 mg, 0.16 mmol) in acetone (5mL) and water (5 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred for 5minutes. Sodium periodate (110 mg, 0.51 mmol) was added, and stirringwas continued for 2 hours, whereupon aqueous sodium thiosulfate solutionwas added. The mixture was partitioned between dichloromethane andwater; the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane, and thecombined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was passed through a plug of silicagel, eluting with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, and the eluent wasconcentrated under reduced pressure to provide the product as a lightpeach solid, which was carried forward without additional purification.Yield: 22 mg, 66 μmol, 41%. LCMS m/z 334.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD), characteristic peaks: δ 8.42 (br d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (br d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (br d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H),7.25 (br d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 5.48-5.50 (m, 1H), 4.63 (dd, J=13.1, 1.7 Hz,1H), 4.26 (dd, J=13, 3 Hz, 1H), 2.85-2.91 (m, 1H), 2.41 (s, 3H).

Step 6. Synthesis of8-cyclopropyl-10-(4-methylphenyl)pyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(8H)-one(13)

To a solution of C53 (22 mg, 66 μmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) wereadded powdered molecular sieves followed by p-toluenesulfonic acidmonohydrate (13.1 mg, 69.0 μmol), and the reaction mixture was allowedto stir for 1 hour. It was then filtered through diatomaceous earth,rinsing with additional dichloromethane, and the combined filtrates wereconcentrated in vacuo. Purification was carried out via silica gelchromatography (Eluents: ethyl acetate, followed by 1:1 ethylacetate/methanol). This material was partitioned between dichloromethaneand saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution; concentration of theorganic layer under reduced pressure afforded the product as afluorescent yellow solid. Yield: 16 mg, 51 μmol, 77%. LCMS m/z 316.3[M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.74 (dd, J=4.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.97(dd, J=8.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (br d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (dd, J=8.5, 4.5Hz, 1H), 7.30 (br d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (d,J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.17-3.24 (m, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.05-1.11 (m, 2H),0.85-0.91 (m, 2H).

Example 144-(7-Cyclopropyl-8-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]thiazolo[4′,5′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9-yl)-3-methylbenzonitrile(14)

Step 1. Synthesis of ethyl 2-azido-3-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)prop-2-enoate(C54)

To a 0° C. solution of sodium ethoxide [prepared from sodium metal (7.36g, 320 mmol) and ethanol (120 mL)] was slowly added a solution of1,3-thiazole-4-carbaldehyde (9.13 g, 80.7 mmol) and ethyl azidoacetate(20.64 g, 159.8 mmol) in ethanol (120 mL) over 1.5 hours. The reactionmixture was stirred for 1 additional hour at 10° C., cooled to −40° C.,and treated with a solution of ammonium chloride (8.4 g, 160 mmol) inwater (100 mL). The resulting mixture was poured into ice-cold water,and the precipitate was collected via filtration to afford the productas an off-white solid. Yield: 3.94 g, 17.6 mmol, 22%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 8.81 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (br d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (br s,1H), 4.38 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.40 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Step 2. Synthesis of ethyl 4H-pyrrolo[3,2-d][1,3]thiazole-5-carboxylate(C55)

A solution of C54 (2.0 g, 8.9 mmol) in xylene (200 mL) was heated atreflux for 20 minutes, then concentrated in vacuo. Silica gelchromatography (Gradient: 10% to 30% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether)provided the product as a white solid. Yield: 0.83 g, 4.2 mmol, 47%. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.40 (br s, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 4.40(q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.41 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Step 3. Synthesis of ethyl4-(2-bromoethyl)-4H-pyrrolo[3,2-d][1,3]thiazole-5-carboxylate (C56)

Compound C55 was converted to the product using the method described forsynthesis of C12 in Example 3, except that 2-bromoethanol was employedin place of tert-butyl (2R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate.Chromatography in this case was carried out using a gradient of 5% to16% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether. The product was isolated as awhite solid. Yield: 7.0 g, 23 mmol, 92%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.56(s, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 4.84 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H),3.80 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.41 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

Step 4. Synthesis of ethyl4-[2-(cyclopropylamino)ethyl]-4H-pyrrolo[3,2-d][1,3]thiazole-5-carboxylate(C57)

Compound C56 was converted to the product according to the methoddescribed for synthesis of C46 in Example 12. Purification was carriedout via silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 10% to 50% ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether), affording the product as a colorless oil. Yield: 6.34g, 22.7 mmol, 99%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.52 (s, 1H), 7.38 (s, 1H),4.59 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.34 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H),2.12-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.39 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.39-0.45 (m, 2H), 0.25-0.30(m, 2H).

Step 5. Synthesis of7-cyclopropyl-6,7-dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[4′,5′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-8(5H)-one(C58)

Potassium carbonate (3.13 g, 22.6 mmol) was added to a solution of C57(6.34 g, 22.7 mmol) in methanol (200 mL), and the reaction mixture wasstirred at 35° C. for 18 hours. After the mixture had been concentratedin vacuo, the residue was extracted with dichloromethane (3×300 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride solution (300 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Silica gel chromatography(Gradient: 50% to 80% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) provided theproduct as a yellow solid. Yield: 3.5 g, 15 mmol, 66%. LCMS m/z 233.8[M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.52 (s, 1H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 4.16-4.22(m, 2H), 3.79-3.84 (m, 2H), 2.78-2.84 (m, 1H), 0.92-0.99 (m, 2H),0.72-0.78 (m, 2H).

Step 6. Synthesis of9-bromo-7-cyclopropyl-6,7-dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[4′,5′:4,5]-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-8(5H)-one(C59)

N-Bromosuccinimide (420 mg, 2.36 mmol) was added to a 0° C. solution ofC58 (500 mg, 2.14 mmol) in dichloromethane (21 mL). After 20 minutes at0° C., the reaction mixture was treated with water, and the layers wereseparated. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered,and concentrated in vacuo to afford the product as a light tan solid.Yield: 670 mg, 2.1 mmol, 98%. LCMS m/z 312.0, 314.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.57 (s, 1H), 4.17-4.21 (m, 2H), 3.78-3.83 (m, 2H),2.76-2.83 (m, 1H), 0.93-0.99 (m, 2H), 0.73-0.79 (m, 2H).

Step 7. Synthesis of4-(7-cyclopropyl-8-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]thiazolo[4′,5′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9-yl)-3-methylbenzonitrile(14)

Compound C59 was reacted with (4-cyano-2-methylphenyl)boronic acid usingthe method described for synthesis of C49 in Example 13, except that thereaction was allowed to proceed for 48 hours. In this case, the silicagel chromatography was carried out with ethyl acetate as eluent; thematerial isolated from the chromatography was slurried in diethyl etherfor 30 minutes and then collected by filtration to afford the product asa solid. Yield: 3.0 mg, 8.6 μmol, 11%. LCMS m/z 349.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.57-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.49-7.54 (m, 2H),4.25-4.29 (m, 2H), 3.84-3.90 (m, 2H), 2.72-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.31 (br s,3H), 0.88-0.95 (m, 2H), 0.68-0.74 (m, 2H).

Example 1510-(4-Chloro-2-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(15)

Step 1. Synthesis of4-(2-chloropyridin-3-yl)-1-cyclopropylpiperazin-2-one (C60)

1,1′-Binaphthalene-2,2′-diylbis(diphenylphosphane) (BINAP, 2.5 g, 4.0mmol) and palladium(II) acetate (1.0 g, 4.5 mmol) were added to amixture of 1-cyclopropylpiperazin-2-one hydrochloride (12.6 g, 71.3mmol), 2-chloro-3-iodopyridine (20.5 g, 85.6 mmol) and cesium carbonate(139 g, 427 mmol) in toluene (500 mL). After being degassed severaltimes with nitrogen, the reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 20 minutes and then at 120° C. for 18 hours. The mixturewas filtered and the filter cake was washed with ethyl acetate (2×200mL); the combined filtrates were concentrated in vacuo and purified bychromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 50% to 100% ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether) to afford the product as a brown solid. Yield: 7.3 g,29.0 mmol, 41%. LCMS m/z 251.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.07(d, J=4.6 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J=8.0, 4.6 Hz, 1H),3.76 (s, 2H), 3.46-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.37-3.42 (m, 2H), 2.76-2.83 (m, 1H),0.82-0.89 (m, 2H), 0.73-0.80 (m, 2H).

Step 2. Synthesis of diethyl[1-(2-chloropyridin-3-yl)-4-cyclopropyl-3-oxopiperazin-2-yl]phosphonate(C61)

n-Butyllithium (2.5 M in hexanes, 8.4 mL, 21 mmol) was added to a −78°C. solution of diisopropylamine (2.94 mL, 21.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(40 mL). After this mixture had been stirred for 10 minutes, a solutionof C60 (2.52 g, 10.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was addeddrop-wise, and stirring was continued at −78° C. for an additional 10minutes. Diethyl chlorophosphite (3.16 mL, 22.0 mmol) was then added,and the reaction mixture was maintained at −78° C. for 30 minutes,whereupon it was warmed to room temperature, treated with aqueous citricacid (10% solution, 20 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Hydrogen peroxide (30% inwater, 3.4 mL, mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at0° C. for 10 minutes. Sodium sulfite (3.78 g, 30 mmol) was then added tothe cold reaction mixture, and stirring was continued for 30 minutes.The mixture was extracted twice with ethyl acetate, and the combinedorganic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography (Eluents: ethylacetate, followed by 5% methanol in ethyl acetate) afforded a paleyellow oil (3.68 g), which was assigned as a mixture of the intendedproduct and its enol phosphate by LCMS and ¹H NMR analysis. LCMS m/z388.2 and 524.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃), characteristic peaks: δ[8.13 (br dd, J=4.6, 1.6 Hz) and 8.06 (dd, J=4.6, 1.7 Hz), total 1H],[7.49 (dd, J=7.9, 1.8 Hz) and 7.39 (br dd, J=7.9, 1.6 Hz), total 1H],[7.21 (br dd, J=7.9, 4.6 Hz) and 7.15 (dd, J=7.9, 4.6 Hz), total 1H].This material was combined with the products of several similarreactions using C60 (total C60: 7.81 g, 31.0 mmol) for hydrolysis of theenol phosphate: the combined products were heated at reflux in ethanolfor 16 hours, then concentrated in vacuo and purified via chromatographyon silica gel (Gradient: 0% to 10% methanol in ethyl acetate). Theisolated material (11 g) still contained the enol phosphate, so it wasdissolved in ethanol (30 mL) and heated at reflux for an additional 4hours. After removal of solvent under reduced pressure, the residue wascrystallized from heptane/ethyl acetate to afford the product as a whitesolid. Yield: 7.0 g, 18 mmol, 58%. LCMS m/z 388.2, 390.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.13 (dd, J=4.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (dd, J=8.0, 1.7Hz, 1H), 7.22 (dd, J=7.9, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (dd, J=22.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H),4.13-4.27 (m, 3H), 3.98-4.08 (m, 2H), 3.26-3.45 (m, 3H), 2.79-2.86 (m,1H), 1.33 (br t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (br t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.82-0.95 (m,2H), 0.71-0.78 (m, 1H), 0.63-0.71 (m, 1H).

Step 3. Synthesis of3-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-methoxybenzylidene)-4-(2-chloropyridin-3-yl)-1-cyclopropylpiperazin-2-one(C62)

Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (16.8 mg, 0.400 mmol) was added to amixture of 4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (20.7 mg, 0.110 mmol)and C61 (38.8 mg, 0.100 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (0.5 mL) and ethanol(50 μL). After the reaction mixture had stirred at room temperature for5 hours, it was diluted with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solutionand extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers wereconcentrated in vacuo to afford the product. Yield: 34 mg, 80 μmol, 80%.LCMS m/z 422.1, 424.1, 426.0 [M+H]⁺.

Step 4. Synthesis of10-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one (15)

A mixture of C62 (42.2 mg, 99.9 μmol),dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (7.0 mg, 10 μmol) andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (87 μL, 0.50 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide(0.5 mL) was stirred at 120° C. for 16 hours, then concentrated invacuo. Purification via reversed phase HPLC (Column: Waters XBridge C18,5 μm; Mobile phase A: 0.03% ammonium hydroxide in water (v/v); Mobilephase B: 0.03% ammonium hydroxide in acetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: 30%to 100% B) afforded the product. Yield: 9.5 mg, 25 μmol, 25%. LCMS m/z386.2, 388.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.46 (dd, J=4.3, 1.2Hz, 1H), 8.07 (dd, J=8.5, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (dd,J=8.4, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (br s, 2H), 3.82 (s,3H), 3.81 (br s, 2H), 2.81-2.87 (m, 1H), 0.70-0.82 (m, 4H).

Example 164-(8-Cyclopropyl-9-oxo-3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-10-yl)-2-fluoro-5-methylbenzonitrile(16)

Step 1. Synthesis of2-fluoro-5-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzonitrile(C63)

4-Bromo-2-fluoro-5-methylbenzonitrile was converted to the productaccording to the method described for synthesis of C16 in Example 4a.The product was obtained as a white solid. Yield: 281 mg, 1.08 mmol,45%. GCMS m/z 261 [M⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.56 (d, J=9.3 Hz,1H), 7.38 (br d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (br s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 12H).

Step 2. Synthesis of methyl 1-(2-bromoethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate(C64)

Potassium hydroxide (11.2 g, 200 mmol) was added in one portion to asolution of methyl 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (5.0 g, 40 mmol) in dimethylsulfoxide (40 mL), and the mixture was stirred for 1.25 hours, at whichpoint approximately half of the potassium hydroxide had dissolved. Thereaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and 1,2-dibromoethane (37.5 g, 200mmol) was added via syringe over 3-5 minutes. The cooling bath wasremoved, and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to roomtemperature and stir for 18 hours. It was then partitioned betweendiethyl ether (150 mL) and water (100 mL); the organic layer was washedtwice with half-saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, washed oncewith saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over magnesiumsulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography(Gradient: 0% to 60% ethyl acetate in heptane) afforded the product as acolorless oil. Yield: 7.05 g, 30.4 mmol, 76%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.00 (dd, J=4.0, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (br dd, J=2.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (dd,J=4.0, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.69 (t, J=6.4Hz, 2H).

Step 3. Synthesis of methyl1-[2-(cyclopropylamino)ethyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (C65)

Compound C64 was converted to the product using the method described forsynthesis of C7 in Example 2. The product was obtained as a light yellowoil. Yield: 6.30 g, 30.2 mmol, 99%. LCMS m/z 209.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.97 (dd, J=4.0, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.89-6.91 (m, 1H), 6.14 (dd,J=4.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.07 (t, J=6.3Hz, 2H), 2.10-2.16 (m, 1H), 0.42-0.47 (m, 2H), 0.31-0.36 (m, 2H).

Step 4. Synthesis of2-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-1(2H)-one (C66)

Compound C65 was converted to the product using the method described forsynthesis of C8 in Example 2. The product was obtained as a white solid.Yield: 3.23 g, 18.3 mmol, 61%. LCMS m/z 177.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 6.93 (dd, J=3.9, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (dd, J=2.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H),6.21 (dd, J=3.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.06-4.11 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.70 (m, 2H),2.72-2.78 (m, 1H), 0.87-0.93 (m, 2H), 0.68-0.73 (m, 2H).

Step 5. Synthesis of2-cyclopropyl-1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-6-carbaldehyde(C67)

Phosphorus oxychloride (1.43 mL, 15.6 mmol) was added drop-wise to a 0°C. mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide (98%, 1.23 mL, 15.5 mmol) and1,2-dichloroethane (15 mL). After 20 minutes, a solution of C66 (2.49 g,14.1 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL) was added via syringe, and thereaction mixture was heated at reflux for 3.5 hours. Water was added tothe reaction mixture, which was then adjusted to a pH of 9 with 1 Maqueous sodium hydroxide and a small amount of saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate solution. The aqueous layer was extracted twice withdichloromethane, and the combined organic layers were dried overmagnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gelchromatography (Gradient: 0% to 100% ethyl acetate in heptane) providedthe product as a white solid. Yield: 1.18 g, 5.78 mmol, 41%. LCMS m/z205.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.67 (s, 1H), 6.95 (AB quartet,upfield half is broadened, J_(AB)=4.2 Hz, Δν_(AB)=6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.57-4.61(m, 2H), 3.69-3.73 (m, 2H), 2.77-2.83 (m, 1H), 0.91-0.97 (m, 2H),0.72-0.77 (m, 2H).

Step 6. Synthesis of methyl(2E)-3-(2-cyclopropyl-1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo-[1,2-a]pyrazin-6-yl)prop-2-enoate(C68)

Methyl (dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetate (98%, 1.05 mL, 7.14 mmol) was addeddrop-wise over 3-4 minutes to a 0° C. suspension of sodium hydride (60%in mineral oil, 285 mg, 7.13 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL).Additional tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added to facilitate stirring, andthe reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, whereupon a solution ofC67 (1.12 g, 5.47 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added. Thereaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for 18hours. After removal of solvent in vacuo, the residue was partitionedbetween water and dichloromethane. The aqueous layer was extracted twicewith dichloromethane, and the combined organic layers were dried overmagnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.Chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 0% to 4% methanol indichloromethane) provided the product as a white solid. Yield: 1.21 g,4.65 mmol, 85%. LCMS m/z 261.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.51(br d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (dd, J=4.2, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (d, J=4.2 Hz,1H), 6.29 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.12-4.16 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.71-3.75(m, 2H), 2.74-2.80 (m, 1H), 0.90-0.96 (m, 2H), 0.70-0.75 (m, 2H).

Step 7. Synthesis of methyl3-(2-cyclopropyl-1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-6-yl)propanoate(C69)

Compound C68 was converted to the product according to the methoddescribed for synthesis of C44 in Example 11. The product was obtainedas a gray solid, a portion of which was taken into the following stepwithout further purification.

Step 8. Synthesis of methyl3-(7-bromo-2-cyclopropyl-1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-6-yl)propanoate(C70)

Compound C69 was converted to the product using the method described forsynthesis of C1 in Example 1. The product was obtained as a white solid.Yield: 618 mg, 1.81 mmol, 79%. LCMS m/z 341.0, 343.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.91 (s, 1H), 4.06-4.11 (m, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.63-3.67(m, 2H), 2.90 (dd, J=7.2, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.17-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.64 (dd,J=7.3, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 0.87-0.93 (m, 2H), 0.67-0.72 (m, 2H).

Step 9. Synthesis of7-bromo-2-cyclopropyl-6-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3,4-dihydropyrrolo-[1,2-a]pyrazin-1(2H)-one(C71)

A solution of lithium borohydride in tetrahydrofuran (2 M, 1.12 mL, 2.24mmol) was added to a solution of C70 (586 mg, 1.72 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (6 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 2hours, stirred at room temperature for 18 hours, and then quenched withsaturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The mixture was extractedthree times with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic layers weredried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.Silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 4% methanol in methylenechloride) afforded the product as a white solid. Yield: 429 mg, 1.37mmol, 80%. LCMS m/z 313.1, 315.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.92(s, 1H), 3.99-4.04 (m, 2H), 3.61-3.68 (m, 4H), 2.70-2.78 (m, 3H),1.76-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.51 (br t, J=5 Hz, 1H), 0.87-0.93 (m, 2H), 0.67-0.72(m, 2H).

Step 10. Synthesis of8-cyclopropyl-3,4,7,8-tetrahydro-2H-pyrano[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo-[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(C72)

A solution of potassium 2-methylbutan-2-olate (˜1.7 M in toluene, 0.44mL, 0.75 mmol) was added via syringe to a mixture of C71 (79 mg, 0.25mmol) and dichloro(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(II) (9 mg, 0.03 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (2 mL). Argon was bubbled through the solution for 2minutes, whereupon the reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. in amicrowave reactor for 18 hours. It was then diluted with water and ethylacetate, and the aqueous layer was extracted twice with ethyl acetate.The combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered,and concentrated under reduced pressure. Silica gel chromatography(Gradient: 0% to 100% ethyl acetate in heptane) afforded the product.Yield: 17 mg, 73 μmol, 29%. LCMS m/z 233.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 6.46 (s, 1H), 4.06-4.10 (m, 2H), 3.82-3.87 (m, 2H), 3.63-3.67(m, 2H), 2.69-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.60 (dd, J=6.5, 6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.99-2.06 (m,2H), 0.85-0.91 (m, 2H), 0.65-0.70 (m, 2H).

Step 11. Synthesis of10-bromo-8-cyclopropyl-3,4,7,8-tetrahydro-2H-pyrano-[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(C73)

N-Bromosuccinimide (13 mg, 73 μmol) was added to a 0° C. solution of C72(17 mg, 73 μmol) in dichloromethane (1 mL), and the reaction mixture wasstirred for 15 minutes at 0° C. It was then washed with 0.5 M aqueoussodium hydroxide solution and concentrated in vacuo to afford theproduct as a yellow oil. Yield: 22 mg, 71 μmol, 97%. LCMS m/z 311.1,313.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.13-4.17 (m, 2H), 3.83-3.87 (m,2H), 3.62-3.67 (m, 2H), 2.68-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.61 (dd, J=6.5, 6.4 Hz, 2H),2.02-2.08 (m, 2H), 0.85-0.91 (m, 2H), 0.66-0.71 (m, 2H).

Step 12. Synthesis of4-(8-cyclopropyl-9-oxo-3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-10-yl)-2-fluoro-5-methylbenzonitrile(16)

A solution of cesium fluoride (53 mg, 0.35 mmol) in water (0.40 mL) wasadded to a mixture of C63 (42.3 mg, 0.162 mmol) and C73 (36 mg, 0.12mmol) in toluene (2 mL);bis[di-tert-butyl(4dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine] dichloropalladium(II)(8.5 mg, 12 μmol) was then added. The reaction flask was evacuated andfilled with nitrogen three times, whereupon the reaction mixture washeated for 18 hours at 80° C. Solvent was removed in vacuo, and theresidue was partitioned between water and dichloromethane. The aqueouslayer was extracted twice with dichloromethane, and the combined organiclayers were concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification viareversed phase HPLC (Column: Waters Sunfire C18, 5 μm; Mobile phase A:0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water (v/v); Mobile phase B: 0.05%trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: 30% to 100% B)afforded the product. Yield: 17 mg, 46 μmol, 38%. LCMS m/z 366.2 [M+H]⁺.¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.70 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=10.5 Hz,1H), 3.98-4.01 (m, 2H), 3.94 (dd, J=5.8, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.56-3.64 (m, 2H),2.62-2.67 (m, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.92-1.97 (m, 2H), 0.67-0.71 (m, 2H),0.56-0.60 (m, 2H).

PREPARATIONS Preparation P110-Bromo-8-cyclopropylpyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(8H)-one(P1)

Step 1. Synthesis of ethyl3-bromo-1-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate (C74)

Compound C1 was converted to the product using the method described forsynthesis of C50 in Example 13. When the reaction was judged to becomplete via LCMS analysis, water was added, and the reaction mixturewas extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organiclayers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution,dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silicagel chromatography (Gradient: 3% to 15% ethyl acetate in petroleumether) afforded the product as a white solid. Yield: 2.7 g, 8.7 mmol,79%. LCMS m/z 308.9 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2. Synthesis of3-bromo-1-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid(C75)

Lithium hydroxide (0.42 g, 17.5 mmol) was added to a solution of C74(2.7 g, 8.7 mmol) in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, and water(1:1:1 ratio, 45 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 2 hours. Removal of solvents in vacuo afforded theproduct as a yellow solid, which was used without additionalpurification. Yield: 1.7 g, 6.0 mmol, 69%.

Step 3. Synthesis of3-bromo-N-cyclopropyl-1-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide(C76)

Compound C75 was converted to the product using the method described forsynthesis of C52 in Example 13, except that the reaction was allowed toproceed for 24 hours. The product was obtained as a gray solid. Yield:2.81 g, 8.78 mmol, 80%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.63 (dd, J=4.5, 1.2Hz, 1H), 7.71 (dd, J=8.4, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dd, J=8.4, 4.4 Hz, 1H,assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak), 6.95 (br s, 1H), 5.94-6.05(m, 1H), 5.21 (br d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 5.15 (br d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (brd, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 2.92-3.00 (m, 1H), 0.91-0.98 (m, 2H), 0.70-0.76 (m,2H).

Step 4. Synthesis of10-bromo-8-cyclopropyl-7-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropyrido-[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one(C77)

Compound C76 was converted to the product using the method described forsynthesis of C53 in Example 13. The product was obtained as a whitesolid. Yield: 3.4 g, 11 mmol, 69%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.52 (dd,J=4.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (dd, J=8.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.5, 4.5Hz, 1H), 6.69 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.32-5.37 (m, 1H), 4.58 (dd, J=13.0,1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (dd, J=12.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.80-2.87 (m, 1H), 0.90-0.98(m, 1H), 0.70-0.80 (m, 3H).

Step 5. Synthesis of10-bromo-8-cyclopropylpyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(8H)-one(P1)

To a solution of C77 (1.0 g, 3.1 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL) wereadded p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (619 mg, 3.25 mmol) and 4 Åmolecular sieves (7.9 g), and the reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature. After 18 hours, it was filtered through diatomaceous earthand the filter pad was washed with dichloromethane; the combinedfiltrates were washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate solution and saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution,dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silicagel chromatography (Gradient: 10% to 50% ethyl acetate in petroleumether) afforded the product as a yellow solid. Yield: 0.56 g, 1.8 mmol,58%. LCMS m/z 304.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.79 (br d, J=4.4Hz, 1H), 7.95 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=8.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.19(d, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.18-3.26 (m, 1H), 1.10-1.17(m, 2H), 0.90-0.96 (m, 2H).

Method A Synthesis of 8-cyclopropyl-10-(substitutedphenyl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-ones viaSuzuki reaction

A suspension of C9 (61 mg, 0.20 mmol) in degassed 1,4-dioxane (0.8 mL)was added to the appropriate substituted phenylboronic acid (0.3 mmol)in a vial. Aqueous potassium carbonate solution (3 M, 0.2 mL, 0.6 mmol)and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex (8 mg, 0.01 mmol) were introduced, and thereaction mixture was degassed via two cycles of vacuum evacuationfollowed by nitrogen fill. The reaction mixture was heated with shakingat 70° C. for 20 hours, then partitioned between water (1.5 mL) andethyl acetate (2.5 mL). The organic layer was loaded onto an SCX-2 solidphase extraction cartridge (Silicycle, 6 mL, 1 g). Extraction of theaqueous layer was carried out twice more, and the organic layers wereloaded onto the same cartridge. The cartridge was eluted with methanol(5 mL), and then with a solution of triethylamine in methanol (1 M, 7.2mL); the basic eluent was collected and concentrated in vacuo. Productswere purified via reversed phase HPLC (Column: Waters XBridge C18, 5 μm;Mobile phase A: 0.03% ammonium hydroxide in water (v/v); Mobile phase B:0.03% ammonium hydroxide in acetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: 10% to 100%B).

Using the methodology described above for Examples 1-16, Examples 17-77were synthesized. See Table 6 and Table 7 for specific methods employed,as well as characterization data for these Examples.

TABLE 6 Method of Synthesis and Physicochemical Data for Examples 17-29.Method of Synthesis: Example Number; Source of Non- ¹H NMR commercial(400 MHz, CDCl₃), δ Example Starting (ppm); LCMS, observed ion NumberStructure Materials m/z [M + H]⁺ 17

Alternate synthesis of Example 2; C10 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆), δ 8.48(dd, J = 4.4, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (br d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (br d, J =8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (br d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (dd, J = 8.5, 4.5 Hz,1H), 4.40-4.45 (m, 2H), 3.84-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.44-3.50 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.64(m, 2H), 0.89 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 3H); 340.0 18

Example 8; C29 8.58 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.79(br d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (br d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.47-4.51 (m, 2H),3.88-3.93 (m, 2H), 2.85- 2.91 (m, 1H), 0.96-1.02 (m, 2H), 0.77-0.82 (m,2H); 338.9 19

C2¹ 8.63 (br d, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (br d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (brd, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (br d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (dd, J = 8.5, 4.4Hz, 1H), 6.30 (br s, 1H), 4.32-4.37 (m, 2H), 3.83-3.89 (m, 2H); 298.0 20

Example 8; C9 8.55 (dd, J = 4.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (br d, J = 8.1 Hz,2H), 7.57 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (br d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.20(dd, J = 8.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.13- 4.18 (m, 2H), 3.74-3.79 (m, 2H),2.76-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 0.86-0.92 (m, 2H), 0.68-0.74 (m, 2H);318.2 21

Example 8; C9² 9.08 (s, 2H), 8.61 (dd, J = 4.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (dd, J= 8.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J = 8.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.30-4.35 (m, 2H),3.89-3.94 (m, 2H), 2.83- 2.89 (m, 1H), 2.79 (s, 3H), 0.94-1.01 (m, 2H),0.75-0.81 (m, 2H); 319.9 22

Example 2; C9 8.61 (br d, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (br dd, J = 7.6, 7.3 Hz,1H), 7.72 (br d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.47(dd, J = 9.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J = 8.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.22-4.44 (brm, 2H), 3.81-4.06 (br m, 2H), 2.81- 2.88 (m, 1H), 0.96 (br s, 2H), 0.77(br s, 2H); 346.9 23

Example 3; C9 8.60 (dd, J = 4.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (br dd, J = 8.9, 5.6Hz, 2H), 7.66 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dd, J = 8.4, 4.4 Hz, 1H),7.15 (br dd, J = 8.9, 8.9 Hz, 2H), 4.25-4.30 (m, 2H), 3.85-3.90 (m, 2H),2.81-2.87 (m, 1H), 0.92-0.98 (m, 2H), 0.73-0.79 (m, 2H); 322.2 24

Example 8; C9² 8.59 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H),7.38-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.29 (dd, J = 8.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.25-4.30 (m, 2H),4.02 (s, 3H), 3.85-3.90 (m, 2H), 2.82-2.89 (m, 1H), 0.93- 1.00 (m, 2H),0.73-0.80 (m, 2H); 370.1 25

Example 7; C26 9.12 (s, 1H), 8.97 (s, 1H), 7.74 (br d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H),7.45 (br d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.39-4.44 (m, 2H), 3.92-3.97 (m, 2H),2.84-2.91 (m, 1H), 0.96-1.03 (m, 2H), 0.77-0.82 (m, 2H); 339.1 26

Example 8; C9² ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆), δ 9.13 (dd, J = 2.1, 0.8 Hz,1H), 8.54 (dd, J = 4.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (dd, J = 8.1, 2.2 Hz, 1H),8.13 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (dd, J = 8.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.43(dd, J = 8.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.40-4.45 (m, 2H), 3.82-3.86 (m, 2H),2.86-2.92 (m, 1H), 0.74-0.85 (m, 4H); 330.2 27

Example 8; C57 8.55 (s, 1H), 7.93 (br d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (br d, J =8 Hz, 2H), 4.18-4.23 (m, 2H), 3.81- 3.87 (m, 2H), 2.76-2.83 (m, 1H),0.90-0.97 (m, 2H), 0.70- 0.76 (m, 2H); 344.1 28

Example 8; C57, C63 8.55 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.28(m, 1H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak), 4.25-4.30 (m, 2H),3.84-3.91 (m, 2H), 2.72-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 0.88-0.96 (m, 2H),0.69- 0.75 (m, 2H); 367.1 29

Example 16; C73 ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO- d₆), δ 7.36 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H),7.05 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.96-4.00 (m, 2H), 3.92 (dd, J = 5.9, 5.8 Hz,2H), 3.54-3.62 (m, 2H), 2.61-2.66 (m, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.91-1.96 (m,2H), 0.66-0.70 (m, 2H), 0.55- 0.59 (m, 2H); 375.1, 377.1 ¹Compound C2was subjected to a Mitsunobu reaction with tert-butyl(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate to provide ethyl1-{2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]ethyl}-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate.Acid-mediated removal of the tert-butoxycarbonyl group afforded ethyl1-(2-aminoethyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate,which was cyclized to Example 19 using triethylamine and calciumchloride in methanol at 50° C. ²In this case, the4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl derivative was used, ratherthan the boronic acid.

TABLE 7 Method of Synthesis and Physicochemical Data for Examples 30-77.Method of Synthesis: Example Number; Source of LCMS, ExampleNon-commercial observed ion Number Structure Starting Materials m/z [M +H]⁺ 30

Alternate to Example 2; C2¹ 311.9 31

Footnote 2 326.0, 328.0 32

Example 3; C9 356.1, 358.1 33

Method A; C9 332.2 34

Method A; C9 363.2 365.1 35

Method A; C9 346.2 36

Method A; C9 356.1, 358.1 37

Method A; C9 336.2 38

Method A; C9 340.2 39

Method A; C9 310.2 40

Method A; C9 358.1 41

Method A; C9 322.2 42

Method A; C9 304.2 43

Method A; C9 329.2 44

Method A; C9 334.2 45

Method A; C9 352.2 46

Method A; C9 340.2 47

Method A; C9 356.1, 358.1 48

Method A; C9 338.2, 340.1 49

Method A; C9 336.2 50

Method A; C9³ 343.2 51

Method A; C9 339.1, 341.1 52

Example 3 338.0, 340.0 53

Example 3, C9 335.2 54

Example 3; C9 352.1 55

Example 3; C9³ 306.1 56

Example 3; C9 352.1, 354.1 57

Examples 5 and 6; C2⁴ 379.0, 381.0 58

Example 8; C9⁵ 345.1 59

Example 7; C29⁶ 371.0 60

Example 8; C9³ 343.1 61

Example 3 329.2 62

Example 15; C59 323.1 63

Example 3⁷ 354.2 64

Example 15; C59 345.1 65

Example 8; C9 332.2 66

Example 13; C1 330.2 67

Example 3 323.8 68

Example 67⁸ 324.1, 326.2 69

Example 67⁸ 324.1, 326.1 70

Example 8; P1 327.1 71

Example 8; C57³ 336.1 72

Example 8; C57 353.3 73

Example 8; C1⁹ 390.2, 392.1 74

Example 8¹⁰ 394.1, 396.1 75

Example 16; C73 343.1, 345.1 76

Example 16; C73 361.2, 363.2 77

Example 16; C73 379.1, 381.1¹3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide wasprepared via reaction of C2 with methylamine at elevated temperature.²Calcium chloride-mediated reaction (see M. W. Bundesmann et al.,Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51,3879-3882) of ethyl1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate with 2-(ethylamino)ethanolaffordedN-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide,which was subjected to intramolecular Mitsunobu reaction withtriphenylphosphine and diisopropyl azodicarboxylate to provide8-ethyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one.This compound was reacted with 1-bromo-4-chlorobenzene in the presenceof silver acetate, palladium(II) acetate, copper(II) acetate,triphenylphosphine and potassium carbonate at elevated temperature togenerate Example 31. ³In this case, the4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl derivative was used, ratherthan the boronic acid. ⁴In this case, intermediate ethyl3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{2-[(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)amino]ethyl}-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylatewas prepared via Mitsunobu reaction of C2with2-[(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)amino]ethanol. ⁵The requisite6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridinewas prepared from 6-bromo[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine via[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)-mediatedreaction with4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi-1,3,2-dioxaborolane. ⁶Therequisite2-(3,5-difluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolanewasprepared from 5-bromo-1,3-difluoro-2-methoxybenzene via[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)-mediatedreaction with4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi-1,3,2-dioxaborolane.⁷6a,7,9,10-Tetrahydro-6H,12H-pyrido[2″,3″:4′,5′]pyrrolo[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,1-c][1,4]oxazin-12-onewas synthesized viaO-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexa-fluorophosphate-mediated reaction between1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid and morpholin-3-ylmethanolto provide[3-(hydroxymethyl)morpholin-4-yl][(1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methanone,followed by intramolecular Mitsunobu reaction. ⁸Racemic Example 67 wasseparated into its component atropenantiomers via supercritical fluidchromatography (Column: Chiral Technologies, Chiralpak AS-H, 5 μm;Eluent: 3:1 carbon dioxide/2-propanol). The first-elutingatropenantiomer (ENT-1) was assigned as Example 68, and thesecond-eluting atropenantiomer (ENT-2) as Example 69. ⁹Compound C1 wasconverted to10-bromo-6,7-dihydro-9H-pyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazin-9-oneusing the chemistry described in Example 1. Subsequent lactone openingwith pyrimidin-2-amine as described in Example 1 provided3-bromo-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide,which was cyclized using aMitsunobu reaction to afford the requisite10-bromo-8-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one.¹⁰10-Bromo-8-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-onewas prepared as described in footnote 9.

TABLE 8 Physicochemical Data for Examples 78-97. LCMS, observed Exampleion Number Structure m/z [M + H]⁺ 78

340.1, 342.1 79

376.1, 378.1 80

369.1, 371.1 81

320.1 82

325   83

320.2 84

319.1 85

411   86

296.2 87

337   88

325   89

337.2 90

359.1 91

308.3 92

294.1 93

342.1, 344.0 94

382.1 95

418.3, 420.3 96

412.1, 414.2 97

418.3, 420.3

The PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C and PDE4D binding affinity for the compounds ofthe present invention was determined utilizing the following biologicalassay(s):

BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS

Human PDE4A3 coding sequence (amino acids 2 to 825 from the sequencewith accession number NP_001104779) was cloned into the baculovirusexpression vector pFastBac (Invitrogen) engineered to include anN-terminal His6 affinity tag and a c-terminal FLAG affinity tag to aidin purification. The recombinant Bacmid was isolated and used totransfect insect cells to generate a viral stock. To generate cell pastefor purification, insect cells were infected with the virus stock andcells were harvested 72 hours after infection. Insect cell paste waslysed and after centrifugation, the supernatant was batch bound toNi-NTA agarose (GE Healthcare) and eluted with 250 mM imidazole. Thiseluate was diluted with FLAG buffer (50 mM Tris HCL pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl,5% Glycerol, 1 mM TCEP with protease inhibitors) and batch bound toant-FLAG M2 agarose (Sigma) overnight at 4° C. The agarose was packedinto a column, washed with buffer and eluted with buffer containingelute using 250 ug/ml Flag-peptide. Fractions were analyzed usingSDS-PAGE Coomassie blue staining and pooled based on purity. Pooledfractions were chromatographed on a S200 120m1 column (GE Healthcare) in50 mM Tris HCL pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 10% Glycerol, 2 mM TCEP withprotease inhibitors. PDE4A3 fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGECoomassie blue staining, pooled based on purity, dialyzed against 50 mMTris HCL pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 20% Glycerol, 2 mM TCEP, frozen and storedat −80° C.

Human PDE4B1 coding sequence (amino acids 122 to 736 from the sequencewith accession number Q07343) with the mutations resulting in the aminoacid substitutions S134E, S654A, S659A, and S661A was cloned into thebaculovirus expression vector pFastBac (Invitrogen) engineered toinclude a N-terminal His6 affinity tag to aid in purification followedby a thrombin cleavage site. The recombinant Bacmid was isolated andused to transfect insect cells to generate a viral stock. To generatecell paste for purification, insect cells were infected with the virusstock and cells were harvested 72 hours after infection as described inSeeger, T. F. et al., Brain Research 985 (2003) 113-126. Insect cellpaste was lysed and after centrifugation, the supernatant waschromatographed on Ni-NTA agarose (Qiagen) as described in Seeger, T. F.et al., Brain Research 985 (2003) 113-126. Ni-NTA agarose elutingfractions containing PDE4 were pooled, diluted with Q buffer A (20 mMTris HCl pH 8, 5% glycerol, 1 mM TCEP) to reduce NaCl to −100 mM andloaded on a Source 15Q (GE Healthcare) column. After washing with Qbuffer A/10% buffer B to baseline, PDE4D was eluted with a gradient from10% to 60% of Buffer B (20 mM Tris HCl pH 8, 1 M NaCl, 5% glycerol, 1 mMTCEP). PDE4D fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE Coomassie bluestaining, pooled based on purity, frozen and stored at −80° C.

Human PDE4C1 coding sequence (amino acids 2 to 712 from the sequencewith accession number NP_000914.2) was cloned into the baculovirusexpression vector pFastBac (Invitrogen) engineered to include anN-terminal His6 affinity tag and a c-terminal FLAG affinity tag to aidin purification. The recombinant Bacmid was isolated and used totransfect insect cells to generate a viral stock. To generate cell pastefor purification, insect cells were infected with the virus stock andcells were harvested 72 hours after infection. Insect cell paste waslysed and after centrifugation, the supernatant was batch bound toNi-NTA agarose (GE Healthcare) and eluted with 250 mM imidazole. Thiseluate was diluted with FLAG buffer (50 mM Tris HCL pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl,5% Glycerol, 1 mM TCEP with protease inhibitors) and batch bound toant-FLAG M2 agarose (Sigma) overnight at 4° C. The agarose was packedinto a column, washed with buffer and eluted with buffer containingelute using 250 ug/ml Flag-peptide. Fractions were analyzed usingSDS-PAGE Coomassie blue staining and pooled based on purity. Pooledfractions were chromatographed on a S200 120m1 column (GE Healthcare) in50 mM Tris HCL pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 10% Glycerol, 2 mM TCEP withprotease inhibitors. PDE4C1 fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGECoomassie blue staining, pooled based on purity, dialyzed against 50 mMTris HCL pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 20% Glycerol, 2 mM TCEP, frozen and storedat −80° C.

A portion of the human PDE4D3 coding sequence (amino acids 50 to 672from the sequence with accession number Q08499-2) was cloned into thebaculovirus expression vector pFastBac (Invitrogen) engineered toinclude a C-terminal His6 affinity tag to aid in purification asdescribed in Seeger, T. F. et al., Brain Research 985 (2003) 113-126.The recombinant Bacmid was isolated and used to transfect insect cellsto generate a viral stock. To generate cell paste for purification,insect cells were infected and cells were harvested 72 hours afterinfection. Insect cell paste was lysed and after centrifugation, thesupernatant was chromatographed on Ni-NTA agarose (Qiagen) as describedin Seeger, T. F. et al., Brain Research 985 (2003) 113-126. Ni-NTAagarose eluting fractions containing PDE4 were pooled, diluted with QBuffer A (50 mM Tris HCl pH 8, 4% glycerol, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM TCEP,Protease inhibitors EDTA-free (Roche)) to reduce NaCl to ˜200 mM, andloaded on a Q Sepharose (GE Healthcare) column. After washing with Qbuffer A to baseline, PDE4D was eluted with a gradient from 10% to 60%of Buffer B (50 mM Tris HCl pH 8, 1 M NaCl, 4% glycerol, 1 mM TCEP).PDE4D fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE Coomassie blue staining,pooled based on purity, frozen and stored at −80° C.

The PDE4A3, PDE4B1, PDE4C1 and PDE4D3 assays use the ScintillationProximity Assay (SPA) technology to measure the inhibition of humanrecombinant PDE4A1, PDE4B3, PDE4Cl, and PDE4D3 enzyme activity bycompounds in vitro. The PDE4A1, PDE4B3, PDE4Cl, and PDE4D3 assays arerun in parallel using identical parameters, except for the concentrationof enzyme (80 pM PDE4A3, 40 pM PDE4B3, 40 pM PDE4C1 and 10 pM PDE4D).The assays are performed in a 384-well format with 50 uL assay buffer(50 mM TRIS pH7.5; 1.3 mM MgCl2; 0.01% Brij) containing enough PDE4A3,PDE4B1, PDE4Cl, and PDE4D to convert ˜20% of substrate (1 pM cAMPconsisting of 20 nM 3H-cAMP+980 uM cold cAMP) and a range of inhibitors.Reactions are incubated for 30 min at 25° C. The addition of 20 uL of 8mg/ml yitrium silicate SPA beads (Perkin Elmer) stops the reaction. Theplates are sealed (TopSeal, Perkin Elmer) and the beads are allowed tosettle for 8 hrs, after which they are read on the Trilux Microbetaovernight.

TABLE 9 Biological Data for Examples 1-77. Ex- Human Human Human Humanam- PDE4A PDE4B PDE4C PDE4D ple- FL; FL; FL; FL; Num- IC₅₀ IC₅₀ IC₅₀IC₅₀ ber (nM)^(a) (nM)^(a) (nM)^(a) (nM)^(a) IUPAC Name 1 18.8^(b)16.1^(b) 182^(b) 1230^(b) 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8- (pyrimidin-2-yl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 2 <0.99 <0.424 75.3 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8- cyclopropyl-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 3 ND 1.38 ND 150 (6aR)-1,2-(4-Chlorophenyl)- 6a,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 6H, 11H- pyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrrolo[1,2- d]pyrazin-11-one, trifluoroacetate salt4 4.66 <0.81^(b) 17.0 36.3^(b) 4-(8-Cyclopropyl-9- oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1, 2-a]pyrazin-10-yl)-2-fluorobenzonitrile 5 ND 5.87 ND 476 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)- 8-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-7,8- dihydropyrido- [2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 6 ND 8.32 ND 2670 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)pyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(8H)-one 7 14.3 2.53 71.4 159 10-(4-Chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-8- cyclopropyl-7,8- dihydropyrazino [1,2′:1,5]pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin- 9(6H)-one 8 1.19 <1.27 13.9 88.5 10-(4-Chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-8- cyclopropyl-7,8- dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a:4,5-b′]dipyrazin-9(6H)-one 9 129 298^(b) 127 8190^(b) 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-7-cyclopropyl-8,9- dihydropyrido[3′,2′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-6(7H)-one 10 15.5 12.2^(b) 28.2 768^(b)(7R)-10-(4-Chlorophenyl)- 8-cyclopropyl-7-methyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 11 <0.3<0.52^(b) <0.57 28.7^(b) (7S)-10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7-methyl-7, 8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 12 12.0 19.2^(b) 23.5 3090^(b)10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2- cyclopropyl-3,4- dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1(2H)-one 13 1.86 2.70 6.59 182^(b) 8-Cyclopropyl-10-(4-methylphenyl)pyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo [1,2-a]pyrazin-9(8H)-one 14 18.519.3 79.0 2090 4-(7-Cyclopropyl- 8-oxo-5,6,7,8- tetrahydro[1,3]thiazolo[4′,5′:4,5]pyrrolo [1,2-a]pyrazin-9- yl)-3-methylbenzonitrile15 ND 6.87 ND 442 10-(4-Chloro-2-fluoro-5- methoxyphenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 16 1.57 1.78 15.2 45.5 4-(8-Cyclopropyl-9-oxo-3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H- pyrano[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-10-yl)-2-fluoro- 5-methylbenzonitrile 17 ND 1.00 ND 81.010-(4-Chlorophenyl)- 8-propyl-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 18 4.12 10.2 24.4 345 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-7,8- dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a:4,5- b′]dipyrazin-9(6H)-one 19 ND18.5 ND 1600 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 20 2.52 4.88 11.5 4658-Cyclopropyl-10-(4- methylphenyl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 21 8.60 75.9 132 43408-Cyclopropyl-10-(2- methylpyrimidin-5-yl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 22 7.47 11.3^(b) 20.2 872^(b)4-(8-Cyclopropyl- 9-oxo-6,7,8,9- tetrahydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-10-yl)-3- fluorobenzonitrile 23 13.0^(c) 3.13 82.0^(c) 3218-Cyclopropyl-10-(4- fluorophenyl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 24 4.48 2.94^(b) 24.5 125^(b)8-Cyclopropyl-10- (3,5-difluoro-4- methoxyphenyl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 25 25.0^(c)48.2 100^(c) 1780 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8- cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrazino[1′,2′: 1,5]pyrrolo[3, 2-d]pyrimidin-9(6H)-one 26 8.152.98^(b) 14.8 138^(b) 5-(8-Cyclopropyl-9- oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-10-yl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile 27 2.28 3.04^(b) 9.03 434^(b) 9-(4-Chlorophenyl)-7-cyclopropyl-6,7- dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[4′,5′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-8(5H)-one 28 3.92 2.14 21.0 85.7 4-(7-Cyclopropyl-8-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1, 3]thiazolo[4′,5′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9-yl)-2-fluoro-5- methylbenzonitrile 29 1.00 1.00 2.45 12.710-(4-Chloro-5-fluoro-2- methylphenyl)- 8-cyclopropyl-3,4,7,8-tetrahydro-2H- pyrano[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 30 ND 27.9 ND 803 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)- 8-methyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 31 ND 2.43 ND87.9 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)- 8-ethyl-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 32 <0.45 <0.70 1.44 9.0710-(4-Chloro-3- fluorophenyl)-8- cyclopropyl-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 33 4.93 6.09 11.2 4978-Cyclopropyl-10-(3,4- dimethylphenyl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 34 0.98 <0.64 2.88 23.32-Chloro-5-(8- cyclopropyl-9-oxo-6,7,8,9- tetrahydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1, 2-a]pyrazin-10- yl)benzonitrile 35 2.08 4.15 5.52 1418-Cyclopropyl-10- (2,3-dihydro-1- benzofuran-5-yl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 36 <0.67 <1.103.48 28.1 10-(3-Chloro-4- fluorophenyl)-8- cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 37 2.52 3.763.30 98.7 8-Cyclopropyl-10- (4-fluoro-3- methylphenyl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 38 5.59 10.921.0 569 8-Cyclopropyl-10-(2,4- difluorophenyl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 39 ND 78.7 ND1720 8-Cyclopropyl-10- (thiophen-3-yl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 40 <0.41 <0.67 4.36 17.28-Cyclopropyl-10-(3,4,5- trifluorophenyl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 41 1.26 2.38 9.22 1308-Cyclopropyl-10- (3-fluorophenyl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 42 12.2 23.3 54.1 10508-Cyclopropyl- 10-phenyl-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 43 ND 26.5 ND 1470 4-(8-Cyclopropyl- 9-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1, 2-a]pyrazin-10- yl)benzonitrile44 33.0^(c) 6.37 86.0^(c) 212 8-Cyclopropyl-10-(4- methoxyphenyl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 45 1.59 5.817.88 281 8-Cyclopropyl- 10-(3-fluoro-4- methoxyphenyl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 46 2.29 4.046.98 203 8-Cyclopropyl-10-(2,5- difluorophenyl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 47 2.00 1.142.88 142 10-(4-Chloro-2- fluorophenyl)-8- cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 48 1.00 <0.723.16 19.8 10-(3-Chlorophenyl)-8- cyclopropyl-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 49 2.71 5.79 9.39 3958-Cyclopropyl-10- (4-fluoro-2- methylphenyl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 50 2.99 6.90 9.62 356^(b)4-(8-Cyclopropyl- 9-oxo-6,7,8,9- tetrahydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-10-yl)-3- methylbenzonitrile 51 86.7 26.1 694 201010-(5-Chloropyridin-3- yl)-8-cyclopropyl-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 52 ND 12.4 ND 1110 (6aS)-12-(4-Chlorophenyl)- 6a,7,8,9-tetrahydro- 6H,11H-pyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrrolo[1,2- d]pyrazin-11-one 53 ND 6.54 ND 4268-Cyclopropyl-10-(6- methoxypyridin-3-yl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 54 21.2 54.6 35.8 37708-Cyclopropyl-10- (2-fluoro-4- methoxyphenyl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 55 222 111^(b) 500 3700^(b)8-Cyclopropyl-10- (pyrimidin-5-yl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 56 ND 5.52 ND 253 10-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenyl)-8- cyclopropyl-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 57 3.49 3.81^(b) 10.8 38.3^(b) 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8-(5-methyl- 1,2-oxazol-3-yl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 58 12.6 24.0 62.6 624^(b) 8-Cyclopropyl-10-([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- a]pyridin-6-yl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 59 12.6 9.73 87.7 2908-Cyclopropyl-10- (3,5-difluoro-4- methoxyphenyl)-7,8-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a:4,5- b′]dipyrazin-9(6H)-one 60 11.8 11.2 99.0 3973-(8-Cyclopropyl- 9-oxo-6,7,8,9- tetrahydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-10-yl)-4- methylbenzonitrile 61 35.1 39.0^(b) 60.3 1640^(b)4-(11-Oxo-6a,7,8,9- tetrahydro- 6H,11H-pyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrrolo[1,2-d]pyrazin- 12-yl)benzonitrile 62 ND 332 ND >300008-Cyclopropyl-10-(5- fluoropyridin-2-yl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 63 219 32.1 731 135013-(4-Chlorophenyl)- 6a,7,9,10- tetrahydro-6H,12H- pyrido[2″,3″:4′,5′]pyrrolo[1′,2′:4,5] pyrazino[2,1- c][1,4]oxazin-12-one 64 3.56 11.537.5 458 8-Cyclopropyl-10-(furo[3, 2-b]pyridin-6-yl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 65 5.65 6.7013.8 481 8-Cyclopropyl-10-(2,4- dimethylphenyl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 66 5.42 6.8716.7 460 8-Cyclopropyl-10-(2,4- dimethylphenyl)pyrido[2′, 3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin- 9(8H)-one 67 ND 4.93 ND 862 11-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6,6a,7,8-tetrahydro- 10H-azeto[1,2- a]pyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-d]pyrazin-10-one 68 26.0^(c) 18.5 26.0^(c) 538 11-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6,6a,7,8-tetrahydro- 10H-azeto[1,2- a]pyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-d]pyrazin-10-one, ENT-1 69 8.87 16.3^(b) 24.3 689^(b)11-(4-Chlorophenyl)- 6,6a,7,8-tetrahydro- 10H-azeto[1,2- a]pyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- d]pyrazin-10-one, ENT-2 70 2.80 2.67 8.55 1084-(8-Cyclopropyl- 9-oxo-8,9- dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-10- yl)benzonitrile 71 27.6 43.5 52.5 1070 5-(7-Cyclopropyl-8-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1, 3]thiazolo[4′,5′:4,5] pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9-yl)pyridine-2- carbonitrile 72 3.53 4.36 15.1 90.4 4-(7-Cyclopropyl-8-oxo-5,6,7,8- tetrahydro[1,3]thiazolo[4′, 5′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9-yl)-2- fluorobenzonitrile 73 7.66 25.2 122 70010-(4-Chloro-2- methylphenyl)-8- (pyrimidin-2-yl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one,trifluoroacetate salt 74 19.0^(c) 27.0^(c) 52.0^(c) 660^(c)10-(4-Chloro-3- fluorophenyl)-8- (pyrimidin-2-yl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 75 1.26 3.9911.7 286 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8- cyclopropyl-3,4,7,8- tetrahydro-2H-pyrano[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 76 <0.31 <0.55 2.0021.6 10-(4-Chloro-3- fluorophenyl)-8- cyclopropyl-3,4,7,8-tetrahydro-2H- pyrano[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 771.00 0.84 5.94 56.2 10-(4-Chloro-2,5- difluorophenyl)-8-cyclopropyl-3,4,7,8- tetrahydro- 2H-pyrano[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one ^(a)Values data for the geometric mean of 2-9determinations, unless otherwise indicated. ^(b)Value represents thegeometric mean of ≥10 determinations. ^(c)Value represents a singledetermination. ND. Value was not determined.Biological data for the compounds of Examples 78-97 are found in Table10 below:

TABLE 10 Ex- Human Human Human Human am- PDE4A PDE4B PDE4C PDE4D ple FL;FL; FL; FL; Num- IC₅₀ IC₅₀ IC₅₀ IC₅₀ ber (nM)^(a) (nM)^(a) (nM)^(a)(nM)^(a) IUPAC Name 78 ND 59.5 ND 30.6 8-Acetyl-10-(4-chlorophenyl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 79 104 212 173 120 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8-(methylsulfonyl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 80 44.0 66.2 106 42.8 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N-ethyl-9-oxo-6,7- dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-8(9H)- carboxamide 81 >30000^(b) >30000 29688^(b) >300008-Cyclopropyl-10-(2- methylpyrimidin-4-yl)- 7,8-dihydropyrido [2′,3′:4,5] pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 82 11100^(b) 18500 4820^(b) >300008-Cyclopropyl-10-(4- methylthiazol-2-yl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 83 ND 15400 ND >297008-Cyclopropyl-10- (6-methylpyridin- 3-yl)-7,8- dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a:4,5-b′]dipyrazin-9(6H)-one 84 15500^(b) >25800 >30000^(b) >300008-Cyclopropyl-10-(3- methylpyridin-2-yl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 85 254^(b) 437 4960^(b) 7243-(8-Cyclopropyl-9- oxo-6,7,8,9- tetrahydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-10-yl)-N, N- dimethylbenzene- sulfonamide 862.52 2.63 18.1 29 10-Cyclopentyl-8- cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 87 ND 2640ND >28700 8-Cyclopropyl-10-(2- methoxypyrimidin- 5-yl)-7,8-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a:4,5- b′]dipyrazin-9(6H)-one 88 8080^(b) 110008420^(b) 16100 8-Cyclopropyl-10-(2- methylthiazol-4-yl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 89 ND 2960ND >30000 8-Cyclopropyl-10-(2- methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-7,8-dihydropyrazino[1′,2′: 1,5]pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidin-9(6H)-one 90>30000^(b) >30000 ND >30000 8-Cyclopropyl-10-(5- (difluoromethyl)-l-methyl-1H-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 91 889 2760 2360 44508-Cyclopropyl-10-(1- methyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5] pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 92 ND 15300 ND >299008-Cyclopropyl-10-(1H- pyrazol-1-yl)-7,8- dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 93 24000^(b) >24700 6970^(b) >3000010-(4-Chloro-1-methyl- 1H-pyrazol- 5-yl)-8-cyclopropyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 94 720^(b) 4671050^(b) 858 8-Cyclopropyl-10-(3- (methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 95 3451890 649 1920 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8- (5-propylpyrimidin-2-yl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 96 87.598.4 52.8 137 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8- (6-methoxyhexyl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one 97 287 1040526 1130 10-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8- (4-propylpyrimidin-2-yl)-7,8-dihydropyrido[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazin-9(6H)-one ^(a)Valuesrepresent the geometric mean of 2-9 determinations, unless otherwiseindicated. bValue represents a single determination. ND. Value notdetermined.

1-25. (canceled)
 26. A compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ring A is afused (6-membered)nitrogen-containing heteroaryl ring selected from thegroup consisting of pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyridazinyl,each of which is independently optionally substituted with one to threeR⁸; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (4-to 10-membered)heterocycloalkyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, and (5- to14-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is independently optionallysubstituted with one to three R⁹; R² is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (4- to6-membered)heterocycloalkyl, and (5- to 6-membered)heteroaryl, whereinsaid (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (4- to6-membered)heterocycloalkyl, and (5- to 6-membered)heteroaryl areindependently optionally substituted with one to three R⁸; R^(3a), wherechemically permissible, is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro, N(R⁵)(R⁶),(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, and (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,wherein said (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, and(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl are independently optionally substituted with one tothree substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo,cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and—N(R⁵)(R⁶); when present, R^(3b), where chemically permissible, isselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, oxo, cyano,hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro, N(R⁵)(R⁶), (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, and (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, wherein said (C₁-C₆)alkylthio,(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, and (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl are independentlyoptionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from thegroup consisting of halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅,(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and —N(R⁵)(R⁶); R^(4a) is hydrogen;when present, R^(4b) is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ at each occurrence are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and(C₁-C₆)alkyl; R⁷ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl; when present, R⁸ at each occurrence isindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, cyano,hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro, N(R⁵)(R⁶), (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, and(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, wherein said (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, and(C₁-C₆)alkoxy are independently optionally substituted with one to threesubstituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, cyano,hydroxy, —SF₅, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and —N(R⁵)(R⁶). whenpresent, R⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, nitro,(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, N(R⁵)(R⁶), —S(O)₂R⁷, and—S(O)₂N(R⁵)(R⁶), wherein said (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, and(C₁-C₆)alkoxy are independently optionally substituted with one to threesubstituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, cyano,hydroxy, —SF₅, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and —N(R⁵)(R⁶); ----is absent (forming a single bond) and n is
 1. 27. The compound of claim26, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ring A is afused pyridinyl ring optionally substituted with one to three R⁸. 28.The compound of claim 26, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein R¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with one to three R⁹. 29.The compound of claim 26, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein R¹ is a (6-membered)nitrogen-containing heteroaryl selected frompyridinyl or pyrimidinyl optionally substituted with one to three R⁹.30. The compound of claim 26, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein R² is (C₁-C₆)alkyl optionally substituted with one tothree R⁸, wherein said (C₁-C₆)alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl,propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl.
 31. The compound of claim 30, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R² is ethyl optionallysubstituted with one to three R⁸.
 32. The compound of claim 31, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R² is ethylsubstituted with one to three R⁸, wherein each R⁸ is independentlyhydroxyl or methyl.
 33. The compound of claim 26, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, wherein R² is (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl selected fromcyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cyclooctyl.
 34. Thecompound of claim 33, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein R² is cyclopropyl.
 35. The compound of claim 26, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R^(3a) is hydrogen.36. The compound of claim 26, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein R^(3a) is (C₁-C₆)alkyl optionally substituted with oneto three substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen,oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and—N(R⁵)(R⁶), wherein said (C₁-C₆)alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, orpropyl.
 37. The compound of claim 36, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein R^(3a) is methyl optionally substituted with oneto three substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen,oxo, cyano, hydroxy, —SF₅, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and—N(R⁵)(R⁶).
 38. The compound of claim 37, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, wherein R^(3a) is methyl substituted withhydroxy.
 39. The compound of claim 26, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein R^(3b) is hydrogen.
 40. The compound of claim 26,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R^(3b) is(C₁-C₆)alkyl optionally substituted with one to three substituentsselected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy,—SF₅, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and —N(R⁵)(R⁶), wherein said(C₁-C₆)alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, or propyl.
 41. The compoundof claim 40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, whereinR^(3b) is methyl optionally substituted with one to three substituentsselected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, cyano, hydroxy,—SF₅, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, nitro, —C(═O)—R⁵, and —N(R⁵)(R⁶).
 42. Thecompound of claim 41, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein R^(3b) is methyl substituted with hydroxy.
 43. The compound ofclaim 26, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁸ ishalogen independently selected from fluoro or chloro.
 44. The compoundof claim 26, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁹is halogen independently selected from fluoro or chloro.
 45. Thecompound of claim 26, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein R⁹ is (C₁-C₆)alkoxy selected from methoxy, ethoxy, or propoxy.46. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according toclaim 26, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and apharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 47. A method of treating apatient suffering from a disease or condition mediated by the PDE4Bisoform, comprising administering to said patient in need of saidtreatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 26,wherein said disease or condition is selected from the group consistingof schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson'sdisease, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,inflammation, stroke, asthma, cerebral vascular disease, allergicconjunctivitis, psychosis, psoriatic arthritis, autoimmune andinflammatory diseases, traumatic brain injury, and behavioral disordersdue to drug dependence and abuse.
 48. A method of treating a patientsuffering from a disease or condition mediated by the PDE4B isoform,comprising administering to said patient in need of said treatment atherapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition ofclaim 46, wherein said disease or condition is selected from the groupconsisting of schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease, inflammation, stroke, asthma, cerebral vascular disease,allergic conjunctivitis, psychosis, psoriatic arthritis, autoimmune andinflammatory diseases, traumatic brain injury, and behavioral disordersdue to drug dependence and abuse.